Four early stages in the development of Li negation

Wode, Henning

doi:10.1017/s0305000900000490

Cited by 85 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These action-verb cooccurrences could contribute, by means of Hebbian-like mechanisms, to the strength of the connections between the perisylvian language regions and the motor and premotor regions (Pulvermüller, 1999(Pulvermüller, , 2013Glenberg and Gallese, 2012). Moreover, in these early manipulative scenarios, adults frequently use negative imperatives (e.g., "don't touch that") to guide the child's behavior (Wode, 1977;Park, 1979;Austin et al, 2014). In this way, a child could learn the pragmatic function of negative imperatives as stop signals driving him or her to suppress the initiated or intended actions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All languages have grammatical markers of negation and children understand and produce some negative statements from the second year of life (Wode, 1977;Austin et al, 2014). Behavioral studies indicate that negative sentences sometimes demand additional cognitive resources in comparison with affirmative sentences (Clark and Chase, 1972;Carpenter and Just, 1975;Kaup, 2006) and the presence of negation in a sentence immediately reduces the level of accessibility of the negated concept (MacDonald and Just, 1989;Kaup, 2001;Kaup and Zwaan, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sentential Negation Might Share Neurophysiological Mechanisms with Action Inhibition. Evidence from Frontal Theta Rhythm

et al. 2016

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According to the literature, negations such as "not" or "don't" reduce the accessibility in memory of the concepts under their scope. Moreover, negations applied to action contents (e.g., "don't write the letter") impede the activation of motor processes in the brain, inducing "disembodied" representations. These facts provide important information on the behavioral and neural consequences of negations. However, how negations themselves are processed in the brain is still poorly understood. In two electrophysiological experiments, we explored whether sentential negation shares neural mechanisms with action monitoring or inhibition. Human participants read action-related sentences in affirmative or negative form ("now you will cut the bread" vs "now you will not cut the bread") while performing a simultaneous Go/NoGo task. The analysis of the EEG rhythms revealed that theta oscillations were significantly reduced for NoGo trials in the context of negative sentences compared with affirmative sentences. Given the fact that theta oscillations are often considered as neural markers of response inhibition processes, their modulation by negative sentences strongly suggests that negation uses neural resources of response inhibition. We propose a new approach that views the syntactic operator of negation as relying on the neural machinery of high-order action-monitoring processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sentential Negation Might Share Neurophysiological Mechanisms with Action Inhibition. Evidence from Frontal Theta Rhythm

et al. 2016

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“…The study of negation in the first and second language acquisition of German has a much longer tradition (Becker 2005, Clahsen 1988, Dietrich & Grommes 1998, Meisel 1997, Verrips & Weissenborn 1992, Wode 1977 than the study of additive particles like auch (Benazzo 2003, Berger et al 2007, Dimroth 2002, Hulk 2003, Nederstigt 2003, Penner et al 2000, Schimke, Verhagen, and Dimroth 2008, Tracy 2002.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stepping stones and stumbling blocks. Why negation accelerates and additive particles delay the acquisition of finiteness in German

Dimroth¹

2009

Functional Categories in Learner Language

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“…According to Wode (1977), the development of negation in children's speech goes through four stages.…”

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Some facts on negation: Wode's four-stage developmental theory of negation revisited

Park

1979

J. Child Lang.

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According to Wode (1977), the development of negation in children's speech goes through four stages.1 Stage I consists of one-word negation, i.e. children using a single nein, 'no', to express negation. Stage II consists of two-word negation, which is developmentally further divided into 11a for anaphoric negation and 116 for non-anaphoric negation. In the former, nein is used correctly in its proper grammatical function, but in the latter, nein stands for adult nicht 'not'. Stage III consists of intrasentential negation wherein non-anaphoric nein of 116 moves from the utterance-initial position to an utterance-medial position and is at the same time replaced by nicht, the non-anaphoric Neg proper (although the position of nicht still does not always live up to the adult model). In Stage IV children finally learn the correct position of nicht.Wode intended to set up a general theory of the development of negation with predictive capacity at a cross-cultural level. Unfortunately, sufficient relevant data were not presented. His theory was based on data which were mainly obtained from one of his two children in naturalistic situations without any fixed time schedule for observations. Questions such as whether nein is used in the anaphoric or non-anaphoric function, whether the former developmentally precedes the latter, and how the replacement of the non-anaphoric nein by nicht takes place can only be reliably answered by a distributional analysis of data. Yet Wode failed to do that. What he presented in support of his theory was limited to a total of 13 example utterances, six for Stage II and seven for Stage III, although there was a strong suggestion that he had abundant data available. It is also unclear how large the size of his sample was, and how many negative constructions were obtained in all. No data could be more fragmentary than these, especially if he intended to formulate a theory based on empirical findings. Readers are simply forced to believe in his statements, without being able to get insight into how the development of negation took place. In fact, there is evidence denying Wode's theory. The evidence stems from longitudinal studies

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Four early stages in the development of Li negation

Cited by 85 publications

References 2 publications

Sentential Negation Might Share Neurophysiological Mechanisms with Action Inhibition. Evidence from Frontal Theta Rhythm

Sentential Negation Might Share Neurophysiological Mechanisms with Action Inhibition. Evidence from Frontal Theta Rhythm

Stepping stones and stumbling blocks. Why negation accelerates and additive particles delay the acquisition of finiteness in German

Some facts on negation: Wode's four-stage developmental theory of negation revisited

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