Four new species of Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (Anura: Craugastoridae) in the eastern Amazon

Abstract

The Pristimantis genus (Anura: Craugastoridae) is the most diverse among all vertebrates with 531 described species. The highest diversity occurs in Ecuador (215 species), followed by Colombia (202), Peru (139), Venezuela (60), Brazil (30), Bolivia (17), Guyana (6) Suriname and French Guiana (5). The genus is divided into 11 species groups. Of these, the P. conspicillatus group (containing 34 species), distributed in extreme southeastern Costa Rica, Isla Taboga (Panama), northern South America (from Colombia to eastern Guyana), south Bolivia, and is the best represented in Brazil (16 species). The main characteristics of this group are the tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct (except in P. johannesdei); dorsum smooth or shagreen; dorsal lateral fold present or absent; usually smooth belly, but may be weakly granular in some species; toe V slightly larger than the toe III. Most of the taxonomic inconsistencies in species of Pristimantis could be due to its much conserved morphology and the lack of comprehensive taxonomic evaluations. Thus, an ongoing challenge for taxonomists dealing with the Pristimantis genus is the ubiquitous abundance of cryptic species. In this context, accurate species delimitation should integrate evidences of morphological, molecular, bioacoustics and ecological data, among others. Based on an integrative taxonomy perspective, we utilize morphological, molecular

Ensamble De La Herpetofauna en La Región Endémica De Belém, Estado De Pará, Este Del Amazonas, Brasil

“…R. castaneotica, R. magnussoni, R. margaritifera, R. proboscidea) may occur in the area, and further investigation using multiple datasets may help unambiguously identify the species in the Belém Area of Endemism. According to a recent study describing four new species of Pristimantis for Amazonia, the individuals of this genus recorded here are morphologically similar to Pristimantis moa (Oliveira et al, 2020). However, further analyses using (Fouquet et al, 2016;Peloso et al, 2018).…”

A new Amazonian species of Allobates Zimmermann & Zimmermann, 1988 (Aromobatidae) with a trilled advertisement call

“…In addition to Ameerega munduruku Neves et al, 2017 , Pristimantis pictus Oliveira et al, 2020 , P. pluvian Oliveira et al, 2020 , and Proceratophrys korekore Santana et al, 2021 , Allobates paleci represents the fifth species of amphibian described for the Teles Pires River region in the last 5 years. These findings reinforce the high levels of hidden diversity in this river basin.…”

Rediscovery, redescription and identity of Pristimantis nebulosus (Henle, 1992), and description of a new terrestrial-breeding frog from montane rainforests of central Peru (Anura, Strabomantidae)

“…Comparison. Among the now 41 recognised species in the P. conspicillatus species group (Padial et al 2014(Padial et al , 2016de Oliveira et al 2017de Oliveira et al , 2020Taucce et al 2020), 12 species, including P. nebulosus, exhibit dorsolateral folds (Duellman and Lehr 2009;Padial et al 2016). Among these, P. avicuporum mainly differs by the presence of an interocular dermal fold, fingers bearing lateral fringes, and an upper eyelid with numerous tubercles (Duellman and Pramuk 1999;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. buccinator mainly differs by continuous and prominent dorsolateral folds, an X-shaped or V-shaped dorsal fold and presence of an interorbital dermal ridge (Rodríguez 1994); P. condor mainly differs by larger male size (SVL 32.1-39.5 mm), finger I distinctly longer than finger II, lack of basal webbing between fingers II and III, and lack of basal webbing between toes (Lynch and Duellman 1980); P. conspicillatus mainly differs by finger I being distinctly longer than finger II, fingers with lateral keels, lack of basal webbing between fingers II and III, and posterior surfaces of thighs with orange spots in life (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. malkini mainly differs by slightly larger male size (SVL 30.4-37.2 mm), finger I distinctly longer than finger II, and more extensive webbing between toes (Lynch 1980 Natural history.…”

“…Comparison. Among the now 42 recognised species in the P. conspicillatus species group (Padial et al 2014(Padial et al , 2016de Oliveira et al 2017de Oliveira et al , 2020Taucce et al 2020), 13 species, including P. symptosus, exhibit dorsolateral folds (Duellman and Lehr 2009;Padial et al 2016). Among these, P. adiastolus mainly differs from P. symptosus by more prominent and longer dorsolateral folds, finger I slightly shorter than finger II, and skin on dorsal surfaces shagreen ; P. avicuporum mainly differs by the presence of an interocular dermal fold, fingers bearing lateral fringes, and finely shagreen dorsal skin (Duellman and Pramuk 1999;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. buccinator mainly differs by continuous and prominent dorsolateral folds, an X-shaped or V-shaped dorsal fold and presence of an interorbital dermal ridge (Rodríguez 1994); P. condor mainly differs by larger male size (SVL 32.1-39.5 mm) and finger I distinctly longer than finger II (Lynch and Duellman 1980); P. conspicillatus mainly differs by finger I being distinctly longer than finger II, fingers bearing lateral keels, and dorsal skin finely shagreen (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. iiap mainly differs by upper eyelid bearing small granules, skin on dorsum coarsely shagreen, basal toe webbing absent, presence of a tarsal fold, and advertisement call (Padial et al 2016); P. malkini mainly differs by finger I distinctly longer than finger II and more extensive webbing between toes (Lynch 1980;Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. meridionalis mainly differs by finger I being shorter than finger II, dentigerous processes of vomers small and round, and fingers bearing lateral fringes (Duellman and Lehr 2009); P. peruvianus mainly differs by very prominent and long dorsolateral folds, finger I distinctly longer than finger II, and fingers bearing lateral fringes (Köhler 2000;; P. skydmainos mainly differs by more prominent and continuous dorsolateral folds, finger I being shorter than finger II, and a black mid-dorsal tubercle (Flores and Rodríguez 1997;Padial and De la Riva 2005).…”