Four-week repeated exposure to tire-derived 6-PPD quinone causes multiple organ injury in male BALB/c mice

Exposure to 6-PPD Quinone at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Inhibits Both Lifespan and Healthspan in C. elegans

“…6-PPDQ was widely present in the environment owing to the worldwide use of 6-PPD in the tire rubber manufacturing . In the environment, the detection of 6-PPDQ was frequently reported with a high detection rate. , Owing to high production of 6-PPD, high detection of 6-PPDQ has been reported in water, soil, dust, air particles, and sediment environments. ,− , Now, the studies on 6-PPDQ toxicity have focused on acute lethality, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. ,,, In contrast, potential long-term exposure impacts of 6-PPDQ have not been fully studied, especially the effect on longevity. 6-PPDQ exposure induced a variety of toxicities in organisms, as summarized by Hua et al, implying the possible exposure risks of 6-PPDQ .…”

“…Exposure to 6-PPDQ changed the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, increased oxygen consumption rate, and decreased viability in rainbow trout gill cells . Recently, the multiple toxicities of 6-PPDQ, including the hepatotoxicity, were further detected in mice. , Other evidence suggested that 6-PPDQ could be accumulated in organisms and human beings, causing an imminent threat to their health . Therefore, it is important and urgent to carefully explore the toxicity of this highly toxic derivative of 6-PPD.…”

Fragmentation Pattern-Based Screening Strategy Combining Diagnostic Ion and Neutral Loss Uncovered Novel para-Phenylenediamine Quinone Contaminants in the Environment

“…One of them, N ′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q), was identified to be the culprit behind the urban runoff mortality syndrome that can lead to the acute death of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) at a trace level (24 h-LC 50 95 ng/L). , The contaminant was proven to be acutely fatal to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius ), and toxic to zebrafish, Gobiocypris rarus, and other aquatic species . Besides aquatic species, recent evidence suggests that 6PPD-Q can also cause side effects in terrestrial organisms, including intestinal toxicity, abnormal locomotion, neurodegeneration, and reduced reproductive capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans, − as well as hepatotoxicity and multiple organ injury in mice. , These noxious effects have drawn significant concern about 6PPD-Q and its analogues, especially those unidentified emerging quinone contaminants. Our early study uncovered the occurrence of a range of emerging PPD-quinones, such as N -isopropyl- N ′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine quinone (IPPD-Q), N , N ′-bis­(methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine quinone (DTPD-Q), N -phenyl- N ′-cyclohexyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (CPPD-Q), and N , N ′-diphenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (DPPD-Q), in ambient environments of water, air, and soil .…”

“… 6 Besides aquatic species, recent evidence suggests that 6PPD-Q can also cause side effects in terrestrial organisms, including intestinal toxicity, abnormal locomotion, neurodegeneration, and reduced reproductive capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans , 7 − 9 as well as hepatotoxicity and multiple organ injury in mice. 10 , 11 These noxious effects have drawn significant concern about 6PPD-Q and its analogues, especially those unidentified emerging quinone contaminants. Our early study uncovered the occurrence of a range of emerging PPD-quinones, such as N -isopropyl- N ′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine quinone (IPPD-Q), N , N ′-bis(methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine quinone (DTPD-Q), N -phenyl- N ′-cyclohexyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (CPPD-Q), and N , N ′-diphenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (DPPD-Q), in ambient environments of water, air, and soil.…”

Automated, High-Throughput Analysis of Tire-Derived p-Phenylenediamine Quinones (PPDQs) in Water by Online Membrane Sampling Coupled to MS/MS

“…6-PPD reacts with ground-level ozone to produce 6-PPDQ and other oxidized byproducts . Since the discovery of 6-PPDQ, acute toxicity at environmentally relevant (ng to μg/L) concentrations has been established for several species including white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalus), and early-life stage Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). − Further, several groups have identified sublethal effects of 6-PPDQ (intestinal, neural) , across multiple species including Caenorhabditis elegans, mice, and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) . While the mechanism of 6-PPDQ toxicity is still being uncovered, Mahoney et al recently reported in vitro evidence that 6-PPDQ toxicity may be mediated by disruption of mitochondrial respiration and Blair et al have observed disruption of the blood–brain barrier in coho salmon treated with roadway runoff …”