Four years of monitoring for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine waters around the United Kingdom

Dixon, Peter; Avery, Sheryl M.; Chambers, Emma S.; Feist, Stephen W.; Mandhar, H.; Parry, Lee; Stone, David M.; Strømmen, H. K.; Thurlow, Johanna; Lui, C. Tsin-yee; Way, K.

doi:10.3354/dao054175

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A 468 base pair (bp) segment corresponding to nt 340 to 807 of the glycoprotein (G) gene was amplified by RT-PCR using the primer pair VHSVR1 5'-TTCTTTGGAGGGCAAAC-NATH-3' and VHSVF3 5'-GATCAGGTCCCCCAR-RTCNGT-3' , Dixon et al 2003. Total RNA was extracted from 100 µl of viral supernatant from infected FHM cells using the Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) as described previously (Strømmen & Stone 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mortality event in freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens from Lake Ontario, Canada, associated with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, Type IV

Lumsden¹,

Morrison²,

Yason³

et al. 2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

Self Cite

160

167

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A mortality event primarily affecting freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens was noted during April and May 2005 in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, Canada. A conservative estimate of the number of dead drum was approximately 100 metric tonnes. Large numbers of dead round goby Neogobius melanostomus were also seen, as well as a few muskellunge Esox masquinongy. In the drum, there was a consistent histological pattern of variably severe panvasculitis, a necrotising myocarditis, meningoencephalitis and a segmental enteritis. Moderate numbers of bullet-shaped viral particles consistent with a rhabdovirus were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in affected heart tissue. Following primary isolation from pooled tissues on fathead minnow (FHM) cells, a morphologically similar virus, ~165 × 60 nm in size, was visualised. Identification of the isolate as viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was confirmed by enzyme immunoassay and by polymerase chain reaction. An appropriately sized product (468 bp) of the G-glycoprotein gene (nucleotides [nt] 340 to 807) was generated with RNA extracted from FHM cell supernatant. Analysis of a 360 nt partial glycoprotein gene sequence (nt 360 to 720) indicated a 96.4 to 97.2% nucleotide identity with known strains of North American (NA) VHSV. Analysis using Neighbour-joining distance methods assigned the isolate to the same lineage as the NA and Japanese isolates (Genogroup IV). However, there was sufficient sequence divergence from known NA VHSV isolates to suggest that this isolate may represent a distinct subgroup. The effects of ongoing mortality in freshwater drum and in multiple species during spring 2006 suggest that this newly recognised virus in the Great Lakes will have continued impact in the near future. KEY WORDS: Freshwater drum · Aplodinotus grunniens · Viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus · VHSV · Genogroup IV · Vasculitis · Meningoencephalitis · Necrotising myocarditis · EnteritisResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 76: [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] 2007 Nishiziwa et al. 2002). In NA, a VHSV Genogroup IV was first isolated from returning Chinook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho O. kisutch salmon (Brunson et al. 1989, Hopper 1989, Winton et al. 1989) and subsequently has been isolated on numerous occasions from a variety of apparently normal marine fish (Meyers & Winton 1995). Epizootics have been described in herring Clupea pallasi, hake Merluccius productus and pollock Theragra chalcogramma in Alaska (Meyers et al. 1999), as well as herring C. pallasi, pilchards Sardinops sagax and black cod Anoplopoma fimbria in British Columbia (Traxler et al. 1999). Subsequent surveillance has documented the species and geographical range extensions in healthy fish in Pacific coastal waters (Hedrick et al. 2003). It has been proposed that VHSV has likely been historically present in Pacific NA marine waters and may have been involved in epizootics in Pacifi...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An appropriately sized product (468 bp) was generated when using the VHSV-specific primer set VHSVR1 and VHSVF3 (Dixon et al 2003) and RNA extracted from the U13653 culture supernatant. No product was generated with the extraction control (Fig.…”

Section: Pcr and Sequence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality event in freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens from Lake Ontario, Canada, associated with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, Type IV

Lumsden¹,

Morrison²,

Yason³

et al. 2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

Self Cite

160

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For Expt 1, reverse transcription (RT) was performed at 37°C for 1 h in a 20 µl volume solution comprising 1× Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV-RT) reaction buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 8.3], 75 mM KCl, 10 mM DTT, 3 mM MgCl 2 ) containing 5.0 mM dNTP mix, 100 pmol of VHSV degenerate primer R1 (5'-CTT CTT TGG AGG GCA AAC NAT H-3') (Stone et al 1997, Dixon et al 2003, 200 units M-MLV-RT (Promega), 40 units of Rnasin ® and 5 µl of the total RNA extracted above.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A traditional PCR assay was used in Expt 1 in which a 468 bp segment corresponding to nucleotides 340 to 807 of the glycoprotein (G) gene was amplified with degenerate VHSV primers F3 (5'-GAT CAG GTC CCC CAR RTC NGT-3') and R1. This was followed by a semi-nested PCR assay with primers F1 (5'-CAG TCC CCA GGG ATG ATG NCC-3') and R1 (Stone et al 1997, Dixon et al 2003. Both PCR reactions were performed in a 50 µl reaction volume containing 1× GoTaq ® flexi buffer, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 solution, 5.0 mM dNTPs mix, 100 pmol of each primer, 2.5 units of GoTaq polymerase (Promega), 2.5 µl RT product and 2.5 µl of the PCR reaction from the firstround PCR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral load of various tissues of rainbow trout challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus at various stages of disease

Oidtmann¹,

Joiner²,

Stone³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Market-sized rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were challenged by waterborne exposure to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV isolate of genogroup Ia). Fish were sampled at 4 stages of infection (before onset of clinical signs, clinically affected fish, mortalities and survivors) and the viral load determined in (1) internal organs, (2) muscle tissue and (3) brain and gill tissue. Virus levels were determined by virus titration and real-time RT-PCR. VHSV was detected by either method in the majority of fish before onset of clinical signs and in the survivor group as well as in all fish in the clinically affected fish and mortality groups. Mean virus amounts per mg of tissue determined by virus titration (TCID 50 ) or real-time RT-PCR (copy number) were >10 4 in preclinical fish, >10 3.8 in clinically affected fish, >10 3.9 in mortalities and >10 1.2 in survivors. Virus levels tended to be highest in the internal organs of subclinical and clinically affected fish and in brain and gill tissue of survivors. The results demonstrate that significant levels of VHSV can be found in tissues of rainbow trout that may be marketed for human consumption, which may have relevance for the biosecurity of VHS-free areas.

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“…In addition to asymptomatic farmed fish, infectious IPNV has been isolated from cohabitating farmed and wild fish, shellfish, sediments below the net pens, and birds (7,23,24). IPNV has been isolated from wild marine fish (including but not limited to saithe, Atlantic cod, pollock, and hake) species in the vicinity of marine salmon farms but has also been detected in wild salmonid fish that have had no contact with hatchery-reared fish (25). In the case of IMTA, it is of great importance to determine whether the vastly increased number of mussels, e.g., approximately 25 tons for an average-sized pen, on an IMTA farm have the potential to accumulate IPNV and shed virus at a rate and quantity that would impact Atlantic salmon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Transmission of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus from the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, to Cohabitating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts

Molloy

Pietrak

Bricknell

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) reduces the environmental impacts of commercial aquaculture systems by combining the cultivation of fed species with extractive species. Shellfish play a critical role in IMTA systems by filter-feeding particulate-bound organic nutrients. As bioaccumulating organisms, shellfish may also increase disease risk on farms by serving as reservoirs for important finfish pathogens such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). The ability of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) to bioaccumulate and transmit IPNV to naive Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts was investigated. To determine the ability of mussels to filter and accumulate viable IPNV, mussels were held in water containing log 4.6 50% tissue culture infective dose(s) (TCID 50 ) of the West Buxton strain of IPNV ml ؊1 . Viable IPNV was detected in the digestive glands (DGs) of IPNV-exposed mussels as early as 2 h postexposure. The viral load in mussel DG tissue significantly increased with time and reached log 5.35 ؎ 0.25 TCID 50 g of DG tissue؊1 after 120 h of exposure. IPNV titers never reached levels that were significantly greater than that in the water. Viable IPNV was detected in mussel feces out to 7 days postdepuration, and the virus persisted in DG tissues for at least 18 days of depuration. To determine whether IPNV can be transmitted from mussels to Atlantic salmon, IPNV-exposed mussels were cohabitated with naive Atlantic salmon smolts. Transmission of IPNV did occur from mussels to smolts at a low frequency. The results demonstrate that a nonenveloped virus, such as IPNV, can accumulate in mussels and be transferred to naive fish.

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Four years of monitoring for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in marine waters around the United Kingdom

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Mortality event in freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens from Lake Ontario, Canada, associated with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, Type IV

Mortality event in freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens from Lake Ontario, Canada, associated with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, Type IV

Viral load of various tissues of rainbow trout challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus at various stages of disease

Experimental Transmission of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus from the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, to Cohabitating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts

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