“…At present, two methods, including the approximation of the nonlinear function and the approximation of the Gaussian pdf, are mainly taken. In the former method, the nonlinear function is approximated by the polynomial and results in an extended Kalman filter (EKF) [5,6], divided difference Kalman filter (DDKF) [7], and polynomial Kalman filter (PKF) [8,9], where the first-order Taylor expansion, the multidimensional Stirling interpolation, and polynomials including Chebyshev and Fourier-Hermit are adopted to approximate the nonlinear function, respectively, in EKF, DDKF, and PKF. However, the aforementioned methods tend to be restricted when the system has strong nonlinearity with high dimensionality.…”