Fractals in Antennas and Metamaterials Applications

Abstract

Recently, telecommunication systems have been requiring more advanced features in the design and operation. Among others a smaller size of devices, which can be integrated for multiple mobile communication systems, applied in one user'sd e v i c e board, such as PDA or smart phone. Moreover, the cost of mass production should be minimized as much as possible. To meet part of that request, the antennas of these devices should have small size, lower weight, operating in multiple frequency bands and/or be broadband. There are many research methods to achieve this goal, one of which is using the fractal geometries for the shape of antenna elements. In recent years, there are many fractal shapes that have been proposed for such applications, and the designed antennas have significantly improved antenna features such as smaller size, operating in multi-frequency bands, with improved power gain and efficiency. In recent years, the new approach for modern antenna the metamaterials, MTM, is adopted, and sometimes that based on the fractal geometry is adopted.

Frequency tuned Minkowski island fractals RHCP antenna optimised for three‐band GPS receiver

“…During the design of a three-band antenna for the GPS receiver, the dimensions of the original antenna were calculated based on formulae (1)-(4), (6), and (7). The designed antenna was numerically modelled and simulated by means of EM -computer code HFSS, v.15, by Ansoft.…”

“…Fractal geometry has many applications in life and opens new research directions in many fields such as biology, economics, art, etc. [4,7]. The fractal antenna is usually compact and operates at multiple frequencies, where some important characteristics of fractal geometries can be applied to as self-similarity, to operate the multi-band antenna, self-filling of the fractal to design the small antennas, mass and boundary fractals to design an antenna array [4,5,8].…”

“…where x, yare coordinates of a point x; t is a translation factor; a, b, c, d are coefficients controlling the rotation and scaling of fractal parts, while e and f are the linear translations. All six parameters are real numbers [4,7] w…”

“…Table 1 shows the parameters of the antennas corresponding to the first three iterations for f L2 band. After the second iteration, the overall size of the Minkowski island fractal antenna reduced by 37.8% compared to the square microstrip antenna [7] and it operates on two bands (Fig. 2b).…”

Fixed Point Results for Fractal Generation in Extended Jungck–SP Orbit

“…Computer networking, radar system and architectural models etc are the main applications of fractals [3]. In electronics and electrical engineering fractals are used to Manufacture radars, capacitors, security control system, radio, antennae for wireless system, transformer and lighting model etc., [4]. Fractal geometry presented some beautiful and historic scene of nature, due to this reason fractal geometry achieved an historic importance from last five decades.…”