Fractures of the facial skeleton in children

Pediatric facial fractures: recent advances in prevention, diagnosis and management

“…Similarly, involvement in a RTA as a pedestrian or bicyclist is also a common cause of facial fractures in children 6 years of age and above 21,29,44,55,71,88,90,116 . In contrast to adults, interpersonal violence is a rare cause of facial fractures in children.…”

“…This male preponderance, which has remained constant over time 123 , ranges from 1.1:1 to 8.5:1 3,7,9,10,20,21,29,34,36,41,42,[47][48][49]55,57,62,69,71,76,83,88,90,104,108,110,116,117,119,133,134 and has been attributed to greater and more dangerous physical activities among boys 19,[90][91][92]134 . In younger age groups, gender differences are less significant and the etiologies are similar in both sexes.…”

A Case of Successful Conservative Management of Multiple Facial Bone Fractures in an Infant

“…The incidence of facial fractures increased with age, and the lowest incidence was in infants (age 0 to 1 year, n=722/12,739, 5.7%) [8]. In addition, fractures in children tend to be minimally displaced, especially in infants, because of the elasticity of the bones, flexibility of the suture lines and lack of sinus pneumatization [2,3,8]. Hence, displaced facial fractures in infants are rare, and few have been reported in the literature.…”

“…Pediatric maxillofacial injuries were reported to comprise less than 15% of all facial fractures [1][2][3]. In Imahara's survey of the National Trauma Data Bank (2001 to 2005) in the United States, 277,008 pediatric trauma patients (age 0 to 18 years) included 12,739 (4.6%) who had sustained facial fractures [8].…”

“…Fractures of the facial skeleton are rare in children compared to in adults [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Pediatric maxillofacial injuries were reported to comprise less than 15% of all facial fractures [1][2][3].…”