Framing effects: An analytic–holistic perspective

McElroy, Todd; Seta, John J.

doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00036-2

Cited by 193 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The results on the framing task are consistent with research showing that resistance to framing is related to individual differences in cognitive ability in within-subjects designs (e.g., , Stanovich & West, 2008, it is associated to prefrontal activity (De Martino et al, 2006) and benefits from a more analytic approach to the problems (McElroy & Seta, 2003). Working memory resources seem to be required for the correct accomplishment of this task, probably because it implies a cognitively-demanding analysis and thorough processing of the problem information (in spite of surface changes across the frame versions) and the ability to inhibit impulsive responses based on a superficial and perhaps emotional appraisal of the options (De Martino, 2006;Del Missier et al, 2012;Kahneman & Frederick, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The Multifold Relationship Between Memory and Decision Making: An individual-differences study

Missier¹,

Bruin²,

Nilsson³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Several judgment and decision-making tasks are assumed to involve memory functions, but significant knowledge gaps on the memory processes underlying these tasks remain. In a study on 568 adults between 25 to 80 years, hypotheses were tested on the specific relationships between individual differences in working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory, respectively, and six main components of decision-making competence. In line with the hypotheses, working memory was positively related with the more cognitively-demanding tasks (Resistance to Framing, Applying Decision Rules, and Under/Overconfidence), whereas episodic memory was positively associated with a more experience-based judgment task (Recognizing Social Norms). Furthermore, semantic memory was positively related with two more knowledge-based decision-making tasks (Consistency in Risk Perception and Resistance to Sunk Costs). Finally, the age-related decline observed in some of the decision-making tasks was (partially or totally) mediated by the age-related decline in working memory or episodic memory. These findings are discussed in relation to the functional roles fulfilled by different memory processes in judgment and decision-making tasks.Keywords: Judgment and decision making; Decision-making competence; Working memory; Episodic memory; Semantic memory; Cognitive aging; Individual differences. MEMORY AND DECISION MAKING 3The Multifold Relationship Between Memory and Decision Making: An Individual-differences Study Among the more promising research developments in the field of judgment and decision making is the attempt to ground judgment and decision-making processes in findings and models derived from memory research, tracing complex cognitive tasks back to their basic cognitive roots to improve the understanding of how individuals perform these tasks. Indeed, memory can play an important role in several aspects of judgment and decision-making tasks (for reviews see, e.g., Alba, Hutchinson & Lynch, 1991;Dougherty, Gronlund & Gettys, 2003;Tomlinson, Marewski & Dougherty, 2011;Weber, Goldstein & Barlas, 1995), and the age-related decline observed in some aspects of memory functioning (Park, 2000;Park et al., 1996Park et al., , 2002Salthouse, 2004) can mediate part of the age-related changes in decision-making abilities. However, the investigation of the role of memory functions in decision making has been scattered and nonsystematic, leaving various knowledge gaps about which memory functions underly specific decision-making tasks open. The study presented in this paper aims to fill some of these gaps through a systematic analysis of the relationships between individual differences in memory processes and individual differences in various aspects of decision-making competence, guided by a functional view of memory processes in decision making.In the next section, the theoretical background of the research will be presented, followed by the specific hypotheses of the study, which refer to the contribution of different memory processes to ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

The Multifold Relationship Between Memory and Decision Making: An individual-differences study

Missier¹,

Bruin²,

Nilsson³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…Prior findings indicate that strength of framing biases decreases when individuals are encouraged to deliberate on the decision problem by providing detailed information about the options [60][61][62] or the context 63 , by asking individuals to provide rationales for their decisions 64 and by inducing individuals to engage in analytical thinking 65 . In this study, it is possible the detailed information minimised the effects of frame by encouraging more systematic processing of information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,58 Second, the trial could be seen as the This study not only demonstrates the biasing effect of opportunity frames, but also suggests a potential way of ameliorating it through provision of balanced and comprehensive information about the options prior to eliciting preferences. Prior findings indicate that strength of framing biases decreases when individuals are encouraged to deliberate on the decision problem by providing detailed information about the options [60][61][62] or the context 63 , by asking individuals to provide rationales for their decisions 64 and by inducing individuals to engage in analytical thinking 65 . In this study, it is possible the detailed information minimised the effects of frame by encouraging more systematic processing of information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framing Options as Choice or Opportunity

Abhyankar

Summers²,

Velikova

et al. 2014

Med Decis Making

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Objective: Health professionals must enable patients to make informed decisions about healthcare choices through unbiased presentation of all options. This study examined whether presenting the decision as 'opportunity' rather than 'choice' biased individuals' preferences in the context of trial participation for cancer treatment.Method: Self-selecting healthy women (N=124) were randomly assigned to the following decision frames: opportunity to take part in the trial (opt-in), opportunity to be removed from the trial (opt-out), and choice to have standard treatment or take part in the trial (choice). The computer-based task required women to make a hypothetical choice about a real-world cancer treatment trial. The software presented the framed scenario, recorded initial preference, presented comprehensive and balanced information, traced participants' utilisation of information during decision making and recorded final decision. A post-task paper questionnaire assessed perceived risk, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and satisfaction with decision. Results:Framing influenced women's immediate preferences. Opportunity frames, whether opt-in or opt-out, introduced a bias as they discouraged women from choosing standard treatment. Using the choice frame avoided this bias. The opt-out opportunity frame also affected women's perceived social norm; women felt others endorsed the trial option. The framing bias was not present once patients had had the opportunity to view detailed information on the options within a patient decision aid format. There were no group differences in information acquisition and final decisions. Sixteen per cent changed their initial preference after receiving full information. Conclusions:A 'choice' frame, where all treatment options are explicit is less likely to bias preferences. Presentation of full information in parallel, option-by-attribute format is likely to 'de-bias' the decision frame. Tailoring of information to initial preferences would be ill-advised as preferences may change following detailed information.

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“…Individuals are more vulnerable to biases when they use intuitive information processing than when they use analytic information processing (McElroy & Seta, 2003).…”

Section: Study IVmentioning

confidence: 99%