Framing of Poly(arylene-ethynylene) around Carbon Nanotubes and Iodine Doping for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

Abstract

Dopamine (DA), an organic biomolecule that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, is essential in regulating emotions and metabolism in living organisms. The accurate determination of DA is important because it indicates early signs of serious neurological disorders. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention in recent years as promising porous materials with an unrivaled degree of tunability for electrochemical biosensing applications. This study adopted a solvothermal strategy for the synthesis of a conjugated microporous poly(arylene ethynylene)-4 (CMP-4) network using the Sonagashira–Hagihara cross-coupling reaction. To increase the crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the material, CMP-4 was enveloped around carbon nanotubes (CNTs), followed by iodine doping. When used as an electrochemical probe, the as-synthesized material (I2-CMP-CNT-4) exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity to dopamine in the phosphate-buffered solution. The detection limits of the electrochemical sensor were 1 and 1.7 μM based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).

MXene‐Coated Liposome‐Quercetin‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

“…[ 38 ] In CV measurements, the redox reaction was generally dependent on both diffusion‐ and adsorption‐controlled mechanism. [ 39–41 ] These results show that both CV and DPV can be used for DA sensing with the modified GCE.…”

Advances in MXene-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection

“…Various nanomaterials, such as conducting polymers [ 3 ], metal nanostructures [ 19 ], carbon quantum dots [ 8 ], halloysite nanotubes [ 20 ], carbon nanofibers [ 21 ], carbon nanotubes [ 22 ], graphene and its derivatives [ 9 ], transition metal dichalcogenides [ 23 , 24 ], and some novel composites [ 25 , 26 ], have been successfully applied to fabricate electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection. In recent years, MXene, a novel two-dimensional material, has received much attention.…”

Convenient and Accurate Detection of Dopamine and Glucose by Modifying Carbon Fiber Electrodes

“…30,31 It has become an important way to improve the performance of the detection sensor. [32][33][34][35] For example, Zhao et al found that carbon nanotube modified carbon-fiber electrodes had a better distinction for uric acid, DA and ascorbic acid, compared with pure carbon fiber electrodes; 36 Zhao et al used Ni(OH) 2 modified carbon fiber sensors combined with artificial intelligence to achieve the goal of efficient glucose detection. 37 At the same time, many studies have shown that ZnO is a non-toxic and biocompatible semiconductor material that is often used as a load for sensors due to its high potential and promising adsorption of biological macromolecules.…”