Free-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodies

Hernández, Sonia M.; Maurer, John J.; Yabsley, Michael J.; Peters, Valerie E.; Presotto, Andrea; Murray, Maureen H.; Curry, Shannon E.; Sánchez, Susan; Gerner‐Smidt, Peter; Hise, Kelley; Huang, Joyce Y.; Johnson, Kasey K.; Kwan, Tiffany; Lipp, Erin K.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.674973

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Since sex and species are potential confounding variables, these results should be interpreted with care. The prevalence of Salmonella in several wild turtle species in the US was significantly higher in females than in males (62). This could potentially explain the differences observed in the current study, but it would require equal representation of both sexes in all three species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong

et al. 2022

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Chelonians are recognized as a source of human salmonellosis through direct contact or consumption of their meat. Freshwater turtles sold for food are widely available in wet markets in Asia. In this pilot study, 50 turtles belonging to three species were randomly sampled from wet markets throughout Hong Kong. The turtles were humanely euthanised and their feces or the colon were sampled for Salmonella culture. The Salmonella isolates obtained were serotyped and examined for phenotypic antimicrobial resistance and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The study reports a high prevalence (42%, 95% CI: 29.4–55.8) and considerable serotype diversity of Salmonella among turtles sold in wet markets. The most common among the 11 serotypes isolated were S. Oranienburg and S. Thompson, which have been reported in turtles previously. The serotype S. Manhattan is reported in chelonians for the first time. Resistance to streptomycin and chloramphenicol was common, despite the latter being banned from aquaculture in mainland China since 2002. Resistance against fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins which represent first-line treatment options for salmonellosis was also observed. The multidrug-resistance gene cfr is identified for the first time in Salmonella. This is a worrying finding as it indicates an expansion of the cfr reservoir and potential horizontal spread to other bacteria. The results of this study emphasize the need for close surveillance of Salmonella from turtles sold as food and better regulation of turtle farming to safeguard public health and improve animal welfare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong

et al. 2022

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“…Although it is not one of the leading serovars causing human salmonellosis, there is increasing concern with the emergence of multidrug resistance particularly associated with this serovar ( Milton et al, 2018 ; Al-Gallas et al, 2021a , b ). On the other hand, S. Rubislaw has been mainly detected in environmental samples ( Maurer et al, 2015 ), and various free-living animals ( Potter et al, 2011 ; Rush et al, 2020 ; Hernandez et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Rocha

Ferrari²,

Pereira³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The increasing number of studies reporting the presence of Salmonella in environmental water sources suggests that it is beyond incidental findings originated from sparse fecal contamination events. However, there is no consensus on the occurrence of Salmonella as its relative serovar representation across non-recycled water sources. We conducted a meta-analysis of proportions by fitting a random-effects model using the restricted maximum-likelihood estimator to obtain the weighted average proportion and between-study variance associated with the occurrence of Salmonella in water sources. Moreover, meta-regression and non-parametric supervised machine learning method were performed to predict the effect of moderators on the frequency of Salmonella in non-recycled water sources. Three sequential steps (identification of information sources, screening and eligibility) were performed to obtain a preliminary selection from identified abstracts and article titles. Questions related to the frequency of Salmonella in aquatic environments, as well as putative differences in the relative frequencies of the reported Salmonella serovars and the role of potential variable moderators (sample source, country, and sample volume) were formulated according to the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome method (PICO). The results were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyzes statement (PRISMA). A total of 26 eligible papers reporting 148 different Salmonella serovars were retrieved. According to our model, the Salmonella frequency in non-recycled water sources was 0.19 [CI: 0.14; 0.25]. The source of water was identified as the most import variable affecting the frequency of Salmonella, estimated as 0.31 and 0.17% for surface and groundwater, respectively. There was a higher frequency of Salmonella in countries with lower human development index (HDI). Small volume samples of surface water resulted in lower detectable Salmonella frequencies both in high and low HDI regions. Relative frequencies of the 148 serovars were significantly affected only by HDI and volume. Considering that serovars representation can also be affected by water sample volume, efforts toward the standardization of water samplings for monitoring purposes should be considered. Further approaches such as metagenomics could provide more comprehensive insights about the microbial ecology of fresh water and its importance for the quality and safety of agricultural products.

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“…Salmonella enterica is a member of the Salmonella spp., as sentinels of Salmonella spp. invasion, aquatic turtles are highly susceptible to accumulating Salmonella present in water and cause their disease [ 50 ]. Raidal et al [ 51 ] also found that salmonellae can cause systemic illness and death in green sea turtles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on Intestinal Morphology, Digestion Activity and Microbiome of Chinese Pond Turtle (Mauremys reevesii) during Aeromonas hydrophila Infection

Yang

Lin

Zhang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Large-scale mortality due to Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection has considerably decreased the yield of the Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii). Purslane is a naturally active substance with a wide range of pharmacological functions, but its antibacterial effect on Chinese pond turtles infected by A. hydrophila infection is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of purslane on intestinal morphology, digestion activity, and microbiome of Chinese pond turtles during A. hydrophila infection. The results showed that purslane promoted epidermal neogenesis of the limbs and increased the survival and feeding rates of Chinese pond turtles during A. hydrophila infection. Histopathological observation and enzyme activity assay indicated that purslane improved the intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme (α-amylase, lipase and pepsin) activities of Chinese pond turtle during A. hydrophila infection. Microbiome analysis revealed that purslane increased the diversity of intestinal microbiota with a significant decrease in the proportion of potentially pathogenic bacteria (such as Citrobacter freundii, Eimeria praecox, and Salmonella enterica) and an increase in the abundance of probiotics (such as uncultured Lactobacillus). In conclusion, our study uncovers that purslane improves intestinal health to protect Chinese pond turtles against A. hydrophila infection.

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Free-Living Aquatic Turtles as Sentinels of Salmonella spp. for Water Bodies

Cited by 5 publications

References 85 publications

Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong

Serotype Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Freshwater Turtles Sold for Human Consumption in Wet Markets in Hong Kong

Revisiting the Biological Behavior of Salmonella enterica in Hydric Resources: A Meta-Analysis Study Addressing the Critical Role of Environmental Water on Food Safety and Public Health

Effect of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on Intestinal Morphology, Digestion Activity and Microbiome of Chinese Pond Turtle (Mauremys reevesii) during Aeromonas hydrophila Infection

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