Free-living communities and alimentary tract helminths: hypotheses and pattern analyses

Simberloff, Daniel

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0837-6_11

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…41,65,70,87). In parasite ecology (93,94) as well as in ecology in general (102), there have been calls for observed patterns of species associations to be tested against truly adequate null models. Variance tests on binary presence-absence data for parasite species in infracommunities often assume that the number of positive covariances should equal the number of negative ones if infracommunities are random assemblages (89).…”

Section: Richness Of Infracommunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Richness of Parasite Assemblages: Evolution and Patterns

Poulin

1997

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

3,236

217

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Parasite communities are arranged into hierarchical levels of organization, covering various spatial and temporal scales. These range from all parasites within an individual host to all parasites exploiting a host species across its geographic range. This arrangement provides an opportunity for the study of patterns and structuring processes operating at different scales. Across the parasite faunas of various host species, several species-area relationships have been published, emphasizing the key role of factors such as host size or host geographical range in determining parasite species richness. When corrections are made for unequal sampling effort or phylogenetic influences, however, the strength of these relationships is greatly reduced, casting a doubt over their validity. Component parasite communities, or the parasites found in a host population, are subsets of the parasite fauna of the host species. They often form saturated communities, such that their richness is not always a reflection of that of the entire parasite fauna. The species richness of component communities is instead influenced by the local availability of parasite species and their probability of colonization. At the lowest level, infracommunities in individual hosts are subsets of the species occurring in the component community. Generally, their structure does not differ from that expected from a random assembly of available species, although comparisons with precise null models are still few. Overall studies of parasite communities suggest that the action of processes determining species richness of parasite assemblages becomes less detectable as focus shifts from parasite faunas to infracommunities.

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Section: Richness Of Infracommunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Richness of Parasite Assemblages: Evolution and Patterns

Poulin

1997

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.

3,236

217

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“…We do not attempt to use the cooccurrence data as evidence for the presence or absence of interactions, since such attempts are usually unjustified (Hastings 1987;Simberloff 1990; but see Kuris 1990 andSousa 1990). We do not attempt to use the cooccurrence data as evidence for the presence or absence of interactions, since such attempts are usually unjustified (Hastings 1987;Simberloff 1990; but see Kuris 1990 andSousa 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spatial and temporal differences in infection levels, as well as differences due to sex, age and reproductive status of hosts, are likely to confound all analyses on parasite co-occurrence based on field data (Kuris 1990;Simberloff 1990). Spatial and temporal differences in infection levels, as well as differences due to sex, age and reproductive status of hosts, are likely to confound all analyses on parasite co-occurrence based on field data (Kuris 1990;Simberloff 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence in Helminths of the Bank Vole Clethrionomys glareolus. I. Patterns of Co-Occurrence

Haukisalmi¹,

Henttonen²

1993

The Journal of Animal Ecology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Animal Ecology. Summary 1. We describe the patterns of co-occurrence in gastrointestinal helminths of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus at two localities in Finland, Pallasjarvi in western Lapland and Lammi in southern Finland. 2. Four of 12 pairs of helminth species showed significant, but often inconsistent, positive co-occurrence patterns (presence-absence data). Similarly, the significant pairwise correlations in helminth abundance were rare (three of 10 pairs) and inconsistent. 3. The rarity of significant overall associations among helminth species in the presence-absence data (two positive associations in seven data sets) and total absence in the density data support the idea of independent co-occurrence. 4. Most helminth populations were independently aggregated in the host population, which is likely to promote their coexistence. 5. The patterns of co-occurrence suggest that evolution of competitive ability is favoured, especially in rare species whose populations are largely restricted to hosts with concomitant infections by the common species.

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“…First, many individual hosts, considered replicates, can be sampled (Bush and Holmes 1986a;Holmes and Price 1986;Simberlo 1990). Second, parasites such as intestinal helminths share a trophic level; thus, the potentially confounding in¯uence of other types of species interactions, such as predation, can be removed (Simberlo 1990; but see Sousa 1994). Third, parasite species that use the same or similar resources may be identi®ed (Holmes and Price 1986;Forbes et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are certain bene®ts to using parasites to investigate patterns and processes in animal communities. First, many individual hosts, considered replicates, can be sampled (Bush and Holmes 1986a;Holmes and Price 1986;Simberlo 1990). Second, parasites such as intestinal helminths share a trophic level; thus, the potentially confounding in¯uence of other types of species interactions, such as predation, can be removed (Simberlo 1990; but see Sousa 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining co-occurrence among helminth species of lesser snow geese ( Chen caerulescens ) during their winter and spring migration

Forbes¹,

Alisauskas²,

McLaughlin

et al. 1999

Oecologia

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The digestive tracts of 771 lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens) collected from January to May 1983 from 12 locations (27 samples) were examined for helminth parasites to determine whether parasite species present in wintering geese or in spring migrants occurred independently of each other. Nine helminth species were identified. Seven had mean prevalences >5% and were the focus of this study. Six of those species were waterfowl generalists, one was a goose specialist. Our primary objective was to assess the potential contribution of factors, other than species interactions, in determining patterns of co-occurrence between helminth species. There were few negative relationships between helminth species, regardless of whether presence-absence or abundance data were used. However, some species pairs showed recurrent and significant co-occurrences. There were similar and significant effects of timing of sampling, host gender, and host age, on prevalence and mean abundance of particular species. Co-occurrences were found for those species that showed seasonal declines in prevalence, for those expected to have high colonizing ability based on host age profiles (using abundance data), and for abundant species that may have shared vectors or environmental conditions favorable for transmission. Thus, similarities between parasites in their abundance, transmission biology, and phenology seem sufficient to explain species co-occurrences without invoking other processes such as species interactions.

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Free-living communities and alimentary tract helminths: hypotheses and pattern analyses

Cited by 19 publications

References 93 publications

Species Richness of Parasite Assemblages: Evolution and Patterns

Species Richness of Parasite Assemblages: Evolution and Patterns

Coexistence in Helminths of the Bank Vole Clethrionomys glareolus. I. Patterns of Co-Occurrence

Explaining co-occurrence among helminth species of lesser snow geese ( Chen caerulescens ) during their winter and spring migration

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