Free Radicals and Obesity-Related Chronic Inflammation Contrasted by Antioxidants: A New Perspective in Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

We are surrounded by factors called free radicals (FR), which attach to the molecules our body is made of, first among them the endothelium. Even though FR are to a certain extent a normal factor, nowadays we face an escalating increase in these biologically aggressive molecules. The escalating formation of FR is linked to the increased usage of man-made chemicals for personal care (toothpaste, shampoo, bubble bath, etc.), domestic laundry and dish-washer detergents, and also an ever wider usage of drugs (both prescription and over the counter), especially if they are to be used long-term (years). In addition, tobacco smoking, processed foods, pesticides, various chronic infectious microbes, nutritional deficiencies, lack of sun exposure, and, finally, with a markedly increasing impact, electromagnetic pollution (a terribly destructive factor), can increase the risk of cancer, as well as endothelial dysfunction, owing to the increased production of FR that they cause. All these factors create endothelial damage, but the organism may be able to repair such damage thanks to the intervention of the immune system supported by antioxidants. However, one other factor can perpetuate the state of inflammation, namely obesity and metabolic syndrome with associated hyperinsulinemia. In this review, the role of FR, with a special emphasis on their origin, and of antioxidants, is explored from the perspective of their role in causing atherosclerosis, in particular at the coronary level.

Oxidative Stress and Natural Products in Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review

“…The results showed that aloe vera gel provided better results than CHX [ 80 ]. These studies have highlighted the mechanisms of action of aloe vera which has the following: Anti-inflammatory properties thanks to the content of acemannans and anthraquinones which can reduce inflammation by acting on inflammatory processes at a cellular level [ 103 ]; Antioxidant properties thanks to the presence of vitamins C and E and flavonoids which protect cells from damage caused by free radicals [ 51 , 104 ]; Antimicrobial action preventing infections and helping to maintain oral hygiene [ 80 , 105 ]; Effects on bacterial plaque, influencing its growth and formation [ 106 ]; Effects on the immune system by helping to regulate the immune response and reduce inflammation [ 107 ]; Positive effects on wound healing by stimulating collagen production especially in the presence of small wounds or irritations caused by orthodontic devices [ 108 , 109 ]; Hydrating and soothing effects on skin and oral mucous membranes, improving patient comfort and reducing irritation [ 110 , 111 ]. …”

“…Antioxidant properties thanks to the presence of vitamins C and E and flavonoids which protect cells from damage caused by free radicals [ 51 , 104 ];…”

“…They have antibacterial, prebiotic, antimutagenic, and antioxidant properties [ 49 ]. Due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, phenols may be able to protect oral tissues from oxidative damage, promoting healing and lowering orthodontic treatment-related problems such mouth ulcers [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and honey are just a few foods that contain polyphenols, which are chemical molecules that have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities.…”

The Potential Effects of Dietary Antioxidants in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

“…Furthermore, it is vital to examine how food processing might affect antioxidant content by researching prescribed concentrations of individual antioxidants or specific combinations that demonstrate a higher capacity to reduce oxidative stress in individuals with obesity. Moreover, exploring the potential advantages of novel antioxidants might offer fresh perspectives on their influence on obesity [114,115]. Thus, addressing these research gaps will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of dietary antioxidants on obesity.…”

Might Gut Microbiota Be a Target for a Personalized Therapeutic Approach in Patients Affected by Atherosclerosis Disease?

“…It is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the Western world. Thus, cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, peripheral arterial disease, and others are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis [ 6 ]. Dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, psychosocial factors, obesity, limited physical activity, and family history are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis.…”