Free-Space-Optical Quantum Key Distribution Systems: Challenges and Trends

López-Leyva, Josué Aarón; Talamantes-Álvarez, Ariana; Ponce-Camacho, Miguel A.; Garcia-Cardenas, Edith; Alvarez-Guzman, Eduardo

doi:10.5772/intechopen.81032

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…During the key generation process using QKD, some photons will not lead to correct bits in the secret key due to wrong polarization filters by the receiver. Others will be lost due to errors or impairments in the transmission or the circuits used [39], [40], [41]. Therefore, we denote by α the fraction of photons that actually lead to valid bits used in the generated secret keys.…”

Section: ) Free Space-qkdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Quantum Key Distribution With Free Space Optics to Secure Communications in High-Speed Trains

Al-Mohammed,

Yaacoub,

Abualsaud

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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In the burgeoning era of quantum communications, Internet of Things (IoT) devices in highspeed train (HST) environments encounter formidable challenges. These devices are constrained by limited power and computational capabilities while needing to safeguard their data and communications against adversaries equipped with quantum-grade computational power. To counter such threats, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) emerges as a vital solution, facilitating secure communication between servers and IoT controllers, thereby shielding the more vulnerable IoT sensors. This paper delves into the application of QKD within the unique scenario of HSTs, employing Free Space Optics (FSO) to establish high data rate communication channels. Our experimental setup involves the integration of FSO links for photon exchange essential to QKD. We meticulously explore the QKD process in the context of HSTs, detailing our methodology that involves the alignment of FSO transceivers on ground base stations with those on the moving trains, thereby enabling efficient photon exchange. The study presents quantitative results demonstrating that this approach allows for the exchange of a substantial number of keys, with negligible impact on FSO data throughput. These findings highlight that our proposed method can significantly enhance IoT communication security in HSTs without compromising the Quality of Service (QoS) offered to train passengers. Furthermore, we assess the system's performance under various visibility conditions, which is crucial for FSO viability. Our results indicate the robustness of the proposed QKD method in diverse operational scenarios, underlining its practical applicability in securing IoT communications within HST environments. Through this study, we provide a comprehensive understanding of implementing QKD in highspeed mobile settings, contributing valuable insights into its effectiveness and feasibility.INDEX TERMS QKD, BB84, Quantum security, FSO, wireless optic communication, high speed train.

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Section: ) Free Space-qkdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Quantum Key Distribution With Free Space Optics to Secure Communications in High-Speed Trains

Al-Mohammed,

Yaacoub,

Abualsaud

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…Recently, many researchers were conducted toward using 5G with QKD to enhance the security of 5G with an attempt to limit the vulnerabilities on QKD. Due to the quantum communication over fiber optic has reached optimal performance caused by fixed loss related to fiber and the restriction of the device, it (fiber optic) can be replaced by free space channel that offers several advantages including flexibility of installation, broader geographical coverage, and cost-effectiveness in terms of infrastructure deployment [67].…”

Section: Implementation Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Key Distribution for 5G Networks: A Review, State of Art and Future Directions

2022

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In recent years, 5G networks and services become progressively popular among telecommunication providers. Simultaneously, the growth in the usage and deployment of smartphone platforms and mobile applications have been seen as phenomenal. Therefore, this paper discusses the current state of the art of 5G technology in the merger of unconditional security requirements referred to as Quantum Cryptography. The various domain of Quantum Cryptography is illustrated including the protocols available, their functionality and previous implementation in real networks. This paper further identifies research gaps covering critical aspects of how Quantum Cryptography can be realized and effectively utilized in 5G networks. These include improving the current technique in Quantum Cryptography through efficient key distribution and message sharing between users in 5G networks.

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“…As shown in Figure 2, the QKD system includes two channels: a private channel and a classical channel 52 . The private channel is used for transferring the photons, and signal transmission can be done through free space using a wavelength of around 800 nm or optical fibers using the second or third telecom windows, that is, wavelengths of around 1310 or 1550 nm 53 .…”

Section: Encrypting Random Numbers Into a Sequence Of Photonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bob also has a DP&Comm subsystem, similar in properties and functions to the one on Alice's side. The QSD/PP subsystem is used for determining the quantum state, which is based on several characteristics, such as calculation of density matrices, capacitance, and polarization without reconstruction 52 …”

Section: Encrypting Random Numbers Into a Sequence Of Photonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the security and confidentiality of quantum key distribution

Al-Ghamdi

Al-Sulami

Aljahdali

2020

Security and Privacy

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Cryptography is a scientific method that is used to transmit secret information. In contrast, quantum cryptography depends on physical laws to encrypt information; when the quantum computer appeared, the classic encryption method becomes inefficient. The quantum method is commonly used to distribute keys, a process called as quantum key distribution (QKD). In this paper, we consider the efficiency of the quantum method compared to classical methods. Also, we discuss the security of QKD against several attacks and provide security analysis based on probabilistic models. Additionally, the paper explains how to encrypt random numbers into a sequence of photons using a QKD system for the distribution of a key. This research demonstrates the efficiency and security of QKD in sending and distributing keys between communication parties. Thus, both the sender and the receiver would be able to obtain a security key using the quantum method rather than classical methods.

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Free-Space-Optical Quantum Key Distribution Systems: Challenges and Trends

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Using Quantum Key Distribution With Free Space Optics to Secure Communications in High-Speed Trains

Using Quantum Key Distribution With Free Space Optics to Secure Communications in High-Speed Trains

Quantum Key Distribution for 5G Networks: A Review, State of Art and Future Directions

On the security and confidentiality of quantum key distribution

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