Freeze gelated porous membranes for periodontal tissue regeneration

Abstract

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes have been used for the management of destructive forms of periodontal disease as a means of aiding regeneration of lost supporting tissues, including the alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva and periodontal ligaments (PDL). Currently available GTR membranes are either non-biodegradable, requiring a second surgery for removal, or biodegradable. The mechanical and biofunctional limitations of currently available membranes result in a limited and unpredictable treatment outcome in terms of periodontal tissue regeneration. In this study, porous membranes of chitosan (CH) were fabricated with or without hydroxyapatite (HA) using the simple technique of freeze gelation (FG) via two different solvents systems, acetic acid (ACa) or ascorbic acid (ASa). The aim was to prepare porous membranes to be used for GTR to improve periodontal regeneration. FG membranes were characterized for ultra-structural morphology, physiochemical properties, water uptake, degradation, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility with mature and progenitor osteogenic cells. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite and its interaction with chitosan. μCT analysis showed membranes had 85-77% porosity. Mechanical properties and degradation rate were affected by solvent type and the presence of hydroxyapatite. Culture of human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) and human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitors (hES-MPs) showed that all membranes supported cell proliferation and long term matrix deposition was supported by HA incorporated membranes. These CH and HA composite membranes show their potential use for GTR applications in periodontal lesions and in addition FG membranes could be further tuned to achieve characteristics desirable of a GTR membrane for periodontal regeneration.

Poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/fibrinogen/bredigite nanofibrous membranes and their integration with osteoblasts for guided bone regeneration

“…To achieve the effective GBR approach, the barrier membrane should have specific properties such as biocompatibility, bioactivity (osteoconductivity), cell‐occlusiveness, mechanical stability (space maintaining ability), resorbability, and clinical operability . A number of natural and synthetic polymers have been developed as the resorbable membranes for GBR applications such as poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, poly hydroxyalkanoates, gelatin, chitosan, and collagen . Among all kinds of membrane polymers, poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising biomaterial which has been extensively investigated for bone tissue engineering.…”

“…4,5 A number of natural and synthetic polymers have been developed as the resorbable membranes for GBR applications such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, poly hydroxyalkanoates, gelatin, chitosan, and collagen. 2,[4][5][6][7] Among all kinds of membrane polymers, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising biomaterial which has been extensively investigated for bone tissue engineering. PHBV is a biodegradable polyester, produced by bacteria with attractive characteristics in the field of biomedical applications, such as natural origin, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.…”

Potential of Electrospun Nanofibers for Biomedical and Dental Applications

“…During the last few years, the idea of functionally graded membrane (FGM) has emerged [116,137]. This principle aims to produce a multilayered guided tissue regenerative membrane in which each layer has a specific function and physical properties, very much akin to the natural human tissues [138].…”

“…These layers can contain drugs and various growth factors which be released into the surrounding environment to enhance the regeneration of multiple tissues at the same time [139,140]. It has been speculated that electrospun fibers can form part of these FGMs [137]. Although electrospinning has added exciting new prospects to the field of guided tissue and bone regeneration, much more needs to be explored to validate the use of electrospun scaffolds in the clinical settings.…”

A functional chitosan membrane with grafted epigallocatechin-3-gallate and lovastatin enhances periodontal tissue regeneration in dogs

“…In contrast, guided tissue regeneration (GTR), in which a barrier membrane is used to prevent epithelial cells and gingival tissue reaching the denuded root surface, has been shown to regenerate supporting tissues of the tooth, including new alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum (Buser, Brägger, Lang & Nyman, 1990;Garrett, 1996). The ideal properties of a GTR membrane include the ability to exclude unwanted epithelial cell growth into the defect, protect the underlying blood clot, and degrade in adequate time to maintain a space for periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts to repopulate on the root surface (Bunyaratavej & Wang, 2001;Qasim, Delaine-Smith, Fey, Rawlinson & Rehman, 2015). The traditional GTR membrane was mainly used as a barrier to prevent epithelial cell downgrowth into defects before new bone formation.…”