“…Although value philosophy is as old as philosophy itself, Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817Lotze ( -1881, one of the most influential German philosophers in the 19th century, introduced the concepts of value and validity (Geltung) into philosophy (Milkov, n.d.;Oldemeyer, 1980;Schmidt and Schischkoff, 1965). Lotze influenced more or less all philosophical schools in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including phenomenology (Husserl), neo-Kantianism (Windelband, Rickert), pragmatism (James), Frege's logic, Dilthey's philosophy of life and analytical philosophy (Gabriel, 1989;Heinemann, 2019;Milkov, 2017Milkov, , 2021. Following discussions in marketing studies (Eggert et al, 2019), social enterprise studies (Dees, 2011;Kokko, 2018;Santos, 2012) and public management studies (Eriksson et al, 2020;Kelly et al, 2002;Talbot, 2009), philosophical value theory highlights the value determinateness of human and organizational performance (Arnould, 2014;Krijnen, 2006;Lautermann, 2013).…”