Frequency and genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients attending the obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Jalisco, Mexico and correlation with sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors

Abstract

Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and genotypes of C. trachomatis in patients attending an obstetrics and gynecology clinic in Jalisco, Mexico and correlates them with sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors.Methods C. trachomatis detection was performed in endocervical samples from 662 patients by direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and two PCR assays that amplified the phospholipase D endonuclease superfamily protein (PLDESP) and OmpA genes. Positive samples were genotyped using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism assays. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological data were collected.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 31 (range, 14–78) years. C. trachomatis positivity was detected by DFA in 16.7% (n = 111), PLDESP gene amplification in 14.2% (n = 94), and OmpA gene amplification in 14.5% (n = 96) of the population. Eight C. trachomatis genotypes were detected: E (39.6%), F (29.2%), D (15.6%), K (6.3%), L2 (3.1%), G, J, and I (2.1% each). C. trachomatis infection was associated with age, marital status, pregnancy, and hormonal contraceptive use (all p = 0.01); intrauterine device use and previous premature birth (both p = 0.03); and infection during pregnancy, previous ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and green vaginal discharge (all p = 0.04). C. trachomatis genotype K was more likely to be detected in women histories of ≥2 sexual partners, genotype F was more likely in pregnant women, genotype L2 was more likely in women with PID, genotype D was more likely in women who had had infection during previous pregnancies, and genotype E was more likely in those with previous ectopic pregnancies and green vaginal discharge (all p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe frequency of C. trachomatis in our population was higher than previously reported worldwide, but within the range reported for Mexico. Genotype E was detected most frequently in the study population. Infection by C. trachomatis and C. trachomatis genotypes K, F, D, and E was strongly associated with multiple sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors. C. trachomatis genotype L2 was detected in women with PID.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients attending sexual and reproductive health clinics: A cross-sectional study in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, China

“…Besides, 97% of infected cases were identified in participants never tested before in the current study, indicating that a large numbers of patients would be missed due to the poor screening. Consistent with most studies nowadays [34, 46, 48–50], education and occupation were not found to be significant risk factors of CT infection in our study. In the past, the spread of STD prevention knowledge mainly relies on traditional media, such as books and poster foldouts, which were usually more accessible to people with higher education and occupation.…”

“…Our study showed that 10.6% of men and 10.3% of women attending sexual and reproductive health clinics were tested positive for CT infection, similar to that reported in England (10.3%-10.6%) [38,40], Netherlands (8.9%-10.1%) [41], Nigeria (9.6%) [42], Danmark (11.5%) [43], Spain (12.3%) [44], Iran (12.6%) [45], and Mexico (14.2%) [46]. However, the prevalence of CT infection in the current study was higher than that reported in Australia (5.9%) [47] and lower than that reported in Ethiopia (18.9%) [48], Palestine (20.2%) [49] and Solomon Islands(20.3%) [50].…”

Hospitalização durante a gravidez segundo financiamento do parto: um estudo de base populacional

“…Regarding vaginal discharge reported by pregnant women as a frequent reason for hospitalization, it is important to note that increased vaginal discharge in pregnant women is common; however, vaginal discharge can be a warning sign for the presence of infections that can complicate gestation and delivery such as candidiasis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Thus, the early diagnosis of these infections in pregnant women is essential to avoid complications, especially for newborns (19) .…”

Prevalence, concordance and reproductive sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Mexican infertile couples

“…WHO reports that about 130 million new cases of infection with this pathogen occur worldwide each year (Newman et al., 2015). For example, in Mexico, the infection prevalence among women is reported between 3% and 19% (Casillas et al., 2017; López‐Hurtado, García, Escobedo, Bustos, & Guerra, 2018) while the infection prevalence among men is reported between 3.6% and 31.9% (Guerra‐Infante, Tapia, López, Flores, & Díaz, 2005; López‐Hurtado, Velazco, et al, 2018). It is well documented that CT infection among women develops pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal occlusion and ectopic pregnancies while among men the CT infection causes nongonococcal urethritis, epididymitis and orchitis.…”