articleChallenging behaviour in individuals with intellectual disability is a complex but common problem that can present diagnostic and management challenges for healthcare professionals. All behaviour serves a purpose, has an origin and meaning, and is therefore produced by an interaction between an individual and their environment. Challenging behaviour is a socially constructed, dynamic concept in that for a displayed behaviour to be considered challenging another person will have interpreted it as being dangerous, frightening, distressing or annoying (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2007). Consequently, what is defined as challenging may vary across cultures or settings.Clinically, challenging behaviour refers to persistent and pervasive maladaptive behaviour(s) that has a significant adverse effect on the quality of life and/or health and safety of the individual or others. The term can include a range of behaviours, for example physical aggression towards objects or people, self-injury, sexually inappropriate behaviour, offending behaviour (such as arson or stealing), mannerisms or rituals (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2007). If the behaviour threatens the quality of life or physical safety of others, it can result in the individual's exclusion from services or community activities or provoke restrictive and aversive responses that may be socially or morally unacceptable. Hence, trying to understand and, where appropriate, reduce the occurrence of challenging behaviour is of utmost importance. Challenging behaviour can be an attempt to communicate unmet needs, so strategies that are proactive and flexible in addressing these should be put in place, positive behavioural development should be promoted and the response of professionals and carers to challenging behaviour should be socially enabling rather than restricting (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2007).
EpidemiologyReported prevalence of challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability varies depending on the definition used for ascertainment, study methodology, settings and populations. It has previously been reported to range between 6.1% in the community and 40% in long-stay hospitals (Emerson 1995). In the total intellectual disability population the incidence of 'serious challenging behaviour' was found to be around 10% (Lowe 2007) and that of any type of challenging behaviour was 10-15% (Emerson 2001a). A community-based epidemiological study found a prevalence of 4.9% for self-injurious behaviour (Cooper 2009a) and of 9.8% for aggression (Cooper 2009b). Challenging behaviour appears to be even more pervasive in individuals with profound intellectual disability and multiple disabilities, with a prevalence of 82% for self-injurious and stereotypical behaviour and 45% for aggressive/destructive behaviour (Poppes 2010).In a meta-analytic study of markers of challenging behaviour in people with intellectual
Interventions for challenging behaviour in intellectual disabilityAfia Ali, Jessica Blickwedel & Angela Hassiotis
SummAryChallengin...