Frequency comparison and absolute frequency measurement of I2-stabilized lasers at 532 nm

Nevsky, A.; Holzwarth, Ronald; Reichert, J.; Udem, Th.; Hänsch, Theodor W.; Zanthier, J. von; Walther, H.; Schnatz, H.; Riehle, F.; Pokasov, P. V.; Skvortsov, M. A.; Bagayev, S. N.

doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01190-7

Cited by 67 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…i) the sub-harmonic of the output of a singleytterbium-ion frequency standard [8] Both the frequency ν Y b [6] and ν 0 [14] were previously measured with respect to a primary cesium atomic clock.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios

Stenger¹,

Schnatz²,

Tamm³

et al. 2002

Phys. Rev. Lett.

139

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We developed a novel technique for frequency measurement and synthesis, based on the operation of a femtosecond comb generator as transfer oscillator. The technique can be used to measure frequency ratios of any optical signals throughout the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum. Relative uncertainties of 10 −18 for averaging times of 100 s are possible. Using a Nd:YAG laser in combination with a nonlinear crystal we measured the frequency ratio of the second harmonic νSH at 532 nm to the fundamental ν0 at 1064 nm, νSH/ν0 = 2.000 000 000 000 000 001 × (1 ± 7 × 10 −19 ).The development of optical frequency comb generators based on Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond lasers [1,2] has enormously stimulated the field of optical frequency synthesis and metrology. Using this technique, the absolute frequencies of a number of narrow transitions in cold atoms or single stored ions such as H, Ca, Yb + or Hg + have been measured by phase-coherently linking those signals to primary cesium-clock controlled hydrogen masers [3][4][5][6]. The measurement instabilities approached those of the hydrogen masers, indicating that neither the optical frequency standards nor the frequency combs themselves were limiting parts of the setups.Any absolute frequency measurement is finally limited by the frequency instability of the device realizing the unit of frequency, Hertz, such as a radio or microwave reference like the hydrogen maser. A possibility to avoid this limitation is the measurement of optical frequency ratios, which are unitless. Thus, frequency ratios for oscillators with better stability than that of the radio or microwave reference can be determined with smaller uncertainty than the absolute frequencies if a technique is available to realize the frequency ratio without introducing additional noise.Such a technique is the transfer oscillator concept, which has been realized with a harmonic frequency chain [7]. However, the measured frequency ratios were restricted to small integer numbers. In this Letter, we describe a novel technique based on the operation of a femtosecond frequency comb generator as a transfer oscillator. Our technique has the capability of generating arbitrary ratios of any optical frequencies throughout the visible and near-infrared part of the spectrum, while frequency fluctuations of the comb modes do not enter the measurement but cancel out.We demonstrate the superior short-term instability by two measurements: first, we measured the frequency ratio of signals from a single-Yb + -ion frequency standard [8] and from an I 2 -frequency-stabilized Nd:YAG laser [9]. Second, we used the Nd:YAG laser and measured the frequency ratio of the second harmonic at 532 nm to its fundamental at 1064 nm, thereby testing how accurately the 2:1 frequency ratio is realized by second harmonic generation. We demonstrate the capability of our technique of frequency-ratio measurements with relative uncertainty better than 10 −18 . Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond lasers emit a periodic train of short pulses. The...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios

Stenger¹,

Schnatz²,

Tamm³

et al. 2002

Phys. Rev. Lett.

139

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“…ILP/TimeBase laser is ultra-stable diode-pumped ring laser with an intracavity frequency doubling. Both Innolight and ILP laser are primarily intended for saturated subdoppler spectroscopy in iodine vapor at 532 nm wavelength and are normally used as laser standards 17,22,23 . The Oxxius laser is simple DPSSL laser with alignment-free monolithic resonator equipped with slow thermal frequency tuning option which allows linear absorption spectroscopy frequency stabilization technique.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of noise properties of laser sources intended for multidimensional interferometric tools

Hrabina

Lazar

2012

SPIE Proceedings

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This work is oriented towards investigation of displacement measurement uncertainty contribution of different laser sources that are suitable for powering multidimensional interferometric positioning system for local probe microscopy. Main aim of this work was to find a suitable laser source for this measuring system. Most common 633 nm He-Ne lasers were compared with 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAGs of different construction (external cavity doubling, ring configuration laser). We investigated amplitude and frequency noise of several lasers intended for micro-and nanoCMMs (coordinate measurement machines) and compared their noise properties together with the aim to find the best option. Amplitude noise measurements were done directly with the help of low noise photodetector, frequency noise of tested lasers was measured by two approaches -first with the help of Fabry-Perot resonator, which was used as a frequency discriminator converting a frequency (phase) noise into the amplitude one and second directly with the help of interferometer -measuring of interferometric fringe signal and position evaluation -another type of frequency discriminator. Both frequency noise and also amplitude noise measurements were done simultaneously to have a chance to compare both approaches and results.

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“…Moreover, there is a set of selected transitions that are included in the recommendation of the CIPM international committee for the practical realization of the meter [11]. Frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser stabilized by saturation sub-Doppler spectroscopy in molecular iodine represents the best conventional stabilized laser with achievable frequency stability in range close to 1*10 -14 level or even better [12,13]. A quality and spectral properties of absorption cell reference assign conditions for reaching these ultimate stability levels [6,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical frequency references for laser interferometry

et al. 2015

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Optical frequency references for laser standards based on molecular iodine absorption cells represent one of the most used tool for frequency stabilization of lasers operating in a visible spectral range. In the industry oriented laser measurements and similar laser interferometry applications performed at atmospheric conditions, a refractive index of air plays a role of main uncertainty contributor. In these cases there is no need to use technologically complicated and expensive iodine references made of pure fused silica with precise pressure control of absorpbing media. A set of iodine cells made of borosilicate glass was filled with certain amount of absorbing media to define the saturation point of iodine inside. A combination of these two approaches (pyrex material and controlled saturation pressure of iodine) allows us to simplify the laser stabilization setup (there is no need of additional iodine pressure level control) and reduce the overall reference's costs with ensuring of sufficient frequency stability of the system at the same time. Spectral properties of manufactured cells were tested by hyperfine transitions linewidth measurement and comparison with results from traditional fused silica cells was done to investigate the long-term iodine purity inside the references. As the transitions linewidth method shows a very high sensitivity to iodine purity level, this method is proposed to be an alternative approach in investigation of contamination in iodine absorption cells where traditionally used techniques -laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and absolute frequency shifts measurement -can not be used.

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Frequency comparison and absolute frequency measurement of I2-stabilized lasers at 532 nm

Cited by 67 publications

References 26 publications

Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios

Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios

Comparison of noise properties of laser sources intended for multidimensional interferometric tools

Optical frequency references for laser interferometry

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