Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy

Bjorklund, G. C.; Levenson, M. D.; Lenth, W.; Ortíz, C.

doi:10.1007/bf00688820

Cited by 509 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As was shown in the early papers on FMS (29,31), extremely weak absorption features as small as 10 -7 in relative size can be detected in a 1 s averaging time, but only if large laser powers on the order of several mW can be delivered to the detector to drive down the relative size of the photon shot noise below the detector Johnson noise. However, in SMS, the laser beam must be focused to a small spot to maximize the optical transition probability, thus the power in the laser beam must be maintained below the value which would cause saturation broadening of the single-molecule lineshape, which is hard to avoid for such a narrow line at low temperatures.…”

Section: Figure 8 Herementioning

confidence: 92%

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Nobel Lecture: Single-molecule spectroscopy, imaging, and photocontrol: Foundations for super-resolution microscopy

Moerner

2015

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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The initial steps toward optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in condensed matter arose out of the study of inhomogeneously broadened optical absorption profiles of molecular impurities in solids at low temperatures. Spectral signatures relating to the fluctuations of the number of molecules in resonance led to the attainment of the single-molecule limit in 1989 using frequency-modulation laser spectroscopy. In the early 90's, many fascinating physical effects were observed for individual molecules, and the imaging of single molecules as well as observations of spectral diffusion, optical switching and the ability to select different single molecules in the same focal volume simply by tuning the pumping laser frequency provided important forerunners of the later superresolution microscopy with single molecules. In the room temperature regime, imaging of single copies of the green fluorescent protein also uncovered surprises, especially the blinking and photoinduced recovery of emitters, which stimulated further development of photoswitchable fluorescent protein labels. Because each single fluorophore acts a light source roughly 1 nm in size, microscopic observation and localization of individual fluorophores is a key ingredient to imaging beyond the optical diffraction limit. Combining this with active control of the number of emitting molecules in the pumped volume led to the super-resolution imaging of Eric Betzig and others, a new frontier for optical microscopy beyond the diffraction limit. The background leading up to these observations is described and current developments are summarized. The early days Introduction and early inspirationsI want to thank the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Nobel Foundation for selecting me for this prize recognizing the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. I am truly honored to share the prize with my two esteemed colleagues, Stefan Hell and Eric Betzig. My primary contributions center on the first optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in the condensed phase(1), and on the observations of imaging, blinking and photocontrol not only for single molecules at low temperatures in solids, but also for useful variants of the green fluorescent protein at room temperature (2). This lecture describes the context of the events leading up to these advances as well as a portion of the subsequent developments both around the world and in my laboratory.In the mid-1980's, I derived much early inspiration from amazing advances that were occurring around the world where single nanoscale quantum systems were detected and explored for both scientific and technological reasons. Some of these were (i) the spectroscopy of single electrons or ions confined in vacuum electromagnetic traps (3-5), (ii) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) (6) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (7), and (iii) the study of ion currents in single membrane-embedded ion channels (8). But why not optical detection and ...

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Section: Figure 8 Herementioning

confidence: 92%

“…The other crucial aspect of the SFS experiment was the ultrasensitive optical detection method used, laser FM spectroscopy (FMS) (29,31). FMS was invented by Gary C. Bjorklund at IBM in 1980, and he taught me this method to be able to use it for detection of spectral holes.…”

Section: Fms and A Scaling Argument Led The Way To The First Single-mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nobel Lecture: Single-molecule spectroscopy, imaging, and photocontrol: Foundations for super-resolution microscopy

Moerner

2015

Rev. Mod. Phys.

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“…However, the obtained signals were small, and could be significantly improved by using frequency modulation techniques [15,16]. The necessary changes in the setup are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doppler-free spectroscopy of weak transitions: An analytical model applied to formaldehyde

et al. 2007

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Experimental observation of Doppler-free signals for weak transitions can be greatly facilitated by an estimate for their expected amplitudes. We derive an analytical model which allows the Doppler-free amplitude to be estimated for small Doppler-free signals. Application of this model to formaldehyde allows the amplitude of experimentally observed Doppler-free signals to be reproduced to within the experimental error.

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“…The detection scheme considered is based on frequency modulation spectroscopy [25,32,33]. A laser beam is phase modulated to produce frequency sidebands; one sideband is placed close to an atomic transition and experiences a phase shift φ at passing through the atomic sample.…”

Section: Collective Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterodyne non-demolition measurements on cold atomic samples: towards the preparation of non-classical states for atom interferometry

et al. 2011

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Abstract. We report on a novel experiment to generate non-classical atomic states via quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements on cold atomic samples prepared in a high-finesse ring cavity. The heterodyne technique developed for QND detection exhibits an optical shot-noise limited behavior for local oscillator optical power of a few hundred µW, and a detection bandwidth of several GHz. This detection tool is used in a single pass to follow nondestructively the internal state evolution of an atomic sample when subjected to Rabi oscillations or a spin-echo interferometric sequence.

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Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy

Cited by 509 publications

References 33 publications

Nobel Lecture: Single-molecule spectroscopy, imaging, and photocontrol: Foundations for super-resolution microscopy

Nobel Lecture: Single-molecule spectroscopy, imaging, and photocontrol: Foundations for super-resolution microscopy

Doppler-free spectroscopy of weak transitions: An analytical model applied to formaldehyde

Heterodyne non-demolition measurements on cold atomic samples: towards the preparation of non-classical states for atom interferometry

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