Frequency Monitoring and Control during Power System Restoration Based on Wide Area Measurement System

Abstract

Frequency control during power system restoration has not been strongly addressed. Operators are often concerned with the offline sizing of load and generation steps, but, nowadays, the introduction of Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) makes it possible to monitor the stability of power system online. The constraints of WAMS operation result in some changes in power system frequency control. This paper proposes a novel methodology for frequency control and monitoring during the early steps of power system restoration based on WAMS. Detailed load modeling is achieved based on the static load modeling approach. Power generators' modeling is also accomplished utilizing the single machine equivalent of the power system based on PMU measurements. Simulation results of the presented methodology on the 39 bus New England power system clearly show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method. The simulation results show that the presented approach has a completely acceptable precision and an outstanding speed with less than 0.05% error. The outstanding speed of the presented approach along with the result precision will result in a great promotion in power system restoration methodologies.

Power system restoration: a literature review from 2006 to 2016

“…Ref. [78] explores a methodology to control and monitor frequency during the early steps of power system restoration, and uses generator modeling to calculate the single machine equivalent of the power system based on phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements. There is potentially highly valuable opportunity to take full advantage of WAMS's timely situation awareness in rapid and effective power system restoration.…”

Online Stability Analysis during Power System Restoration Based on Phasor Measurement Units (Dept. E )

“…[15]. The final stage of the restoration process is decomposed into two stages, the process of building each subsystem and the process of interconnecting these subsystems to establish the Bulk Power System (BPS) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

“…The critical decisions to be made at this stage are BSU start-up procedure, remote cracking of NBSUs, constructing the transmission network and load pickup [16][17]. The objective function at this stage is to maximize the restored load and minimize the restoration process duration in each island without violating constraints [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The utilization of WAMS provides the operator with exact estimation of load and generation models parameters.…”

Judgment of Temporary over Voltages during Transformer Refurbishment

“…The simulation work helps in the best way of loading the power plants and is applied for hydro power plant and steam power plant restoration [2]. The power system restoration problem involves so many factors like frequency monitoring, black start unit energization, transmission line energization and transformer energization [3]- [5]. Data Envelopment Analysis technique is used to evaluate efficiency of different types of Decision Making Units (DMUs) including transmission lines energization, performance evolutions of different electrical distribution utilities [6]- [8].…”