“…The process works by creating an interlock between the top and the bottom sheets or panels using a rivet that fully penetrates the top but not the bottom panel. SPR has several advantages: (1) a simple process with no requirement of predrilled holes [2], (2) easy automation and a short cycle time with excellent reproducibility [3], (3) no dust, chips, and heat fumes as associated with a welding process [4], (4) eco-friendly and sustainable, since no waste material is produced [5], and (5) very little or no damage to pre-coated materials [3]. The process is especially useful in joining dissimilar materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) [6][7][8], copper [9], titanium [9], aluminum alloys [10,11], and steel [11,12], in which the use of conventional joining methods is challenging.…”