Fringe and Noise Reductions of pMAIRS Spectra Using Principal Component Analysis

Shioya, Nobutaka; Shimoaka, Takafumi; Hasegawa, Takeshi

doi:10.2116/analsci.33.117

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Instead, IR spectroscopy is a good candidate for the purpose as demonstrated in several papers, [86][87][88] since this technique has high sensitivity for nanometer-scale films. 89,90 In this work, IR pMAIRS is employed to discuss the aggregation structure of both PEN and PQ in a thin film.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Crystallization Process in Solution-Processed Pentacene Thin Films by Chemical Conversion Reactions

et al. 2021

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Solution-processable organic semiconductors having bulky substituent groups on the π-conjugated skeleton are rapidly gaining attention for their potential applications to large-area electronics. While the substituent groups contribute to the good solubility in organic solvents, they give rise to hopping sites in a thin film, affecting adversely the charge-carrier transport. As an alternative material, a solvent-soluble precursor compound with thermally cleavable functional groups is promising, which can be converted by heat treatment into a thin film to generate the desired material consisting solely of conjugated systems. This precursor approach is practically applied to various thin-film-based devices. The overall process of the thin film growth, however, remains unrevealed. In the present study, solution-processed pentacene thin films are prepared from a thermally convertible precursor, and the structural evolution during the chemical conversion reaction has been revealed by a combination of cutting-edge analytical tools of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-GIXD) and p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS). The highlight is that pentacene is crystallized in a stepwise manner in the thermally converted films, which is substantially different from a typical growth process. In addition, influences of the oxidation reaction of pentacene on the molecular arrangement are also discussed quantitatively. This study provides a fundamental schematic of thin films grown by the precursor method.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Crystallization Process in Solution-Processed Pentacene Thin Films by Chemical Conversion Reactions

et al. 2021

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“…Fringe removal algorithms [5][6][7] have been widely used to improve the detection of small atom numbers [6]. Moreover, statistical analysis such as principle component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) [8][9][10][11], and advanced nonlinear machine learning algorithms [12,13] have been implemented to extract spatial or temporal information for a given data set. For example, the quantum phase transition [12] or the collective excitations [9] were precisely investigated with those methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective statistical fringe removal algorithm for high-sensitivity imaging of ultracold atoms

Song,

He,

Ren

et al. 2020

Preprint

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High-sensitivity imaging of ultracold atoms is often challenging when interference patterns are imprinted on the imaging light. Such image noises result in low signal-to-noise ratio and limit the capability to extract subtle physical quantities. Here we demonstrate an advanced fringe removal algorithm for absorption imaging of ultracold atoms, which efficiently suppresses unwanted fringe patterns using a small number of sample images without taking additional reference images. The protocol is based on an image decomposition and projection method with an extended image basis. We apply this scheme to raw absorption images of degenerate Fermi gases for the measurement of atomic density fluctuations and temperatures. The quantitative analysis shows that image noises can be efficiently removed with only tens of reference images, which manifests the efficiency of our protocol. Our algorithm would be of particular interest for the quantum emulation experiments in which several physical parameters need to be scanned within a limited time duration.

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“…Recently, IR p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS) has been successfully applied to several kinds of thin-film samples, including self-assembled monolayers, Langmuir–Blodgett films, and spin-coated films. − The most prominent feature of IR pMAIRS is the simultaneous acquirement of in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) IR spectra from a thin-film sample deposited on various substrates, including Si, Ge, and CaF 2 . Further, IR pMAIRS can reduce the optical fringe of the obtained spectra, which is typically a severe problem owing to multiple internal reflections of the IR beam in the film and substrate, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio . These characteristics are very promising for the detection of tiny amounts of functional groups at the brush chain ends on a Si wafer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pMAIRS Analysis on Chain-End Functionalization of Densely Grafted, Concentrated Polymer Brushes

et al. 2019

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The degree of chain-end functionality in a densely grafted, concentrated polymer brush is a critical parameter. In this study, p-polarized multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry (pMAIRS) technique was applied to monitor the emergence and disappearance of substituted azide (N3) at the chain ends of polymer brushes, allowing the accurate determination of the azide density and the click reaction efficacy. The peak separation of the N3 absorption bands in the pMAIRS spectra showed that azide substitution occurred not only at the brush ends but also at the underlying initiators that did not react during surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Hence, the density of each type of azide group and the efficiencies of the azidation and click reaction could successfully be estimated. Furthermore, a chain-end-selective click reaction was demonstrated for the azide-functionalized polymethacrylate-type polymer brushes based on size exclusion effects and polarity differences. Thus, the pMAIRS method provides important quantitative information that can expand the applications of chain-end functionalized polymer brushes.

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Fringe and Noise Reductions of pMAIRS Spectra Using Principal Component Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Monitoring of Crystallization Process in Solution-Processed Pentacene Thin Films by Chemical Conversion Reactions

Monitoring of Crystallization Process in Solution-Processed Pentacene Thin Films by Chemical Conversion Reactions

Effective statistical fringe removal algorithm for high-sensitivity imaging of ultracold atoms

pMAIRS Analysis on Chain-End Functionalization of Densely Grafted, Concentrated Polymer Brushes

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