From Fixed Capacities to Performance-Enhancement: The Paradigm Shift in the Science of ‘Training’ and the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances

Beamish, Rob; Ritchie, Ian

doi:10.1080/17460260500396129

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…From the societal point of view, sport is generally seen as a healthy, uplifting and character building activity, in which using performance-enhancing substances defeats the purpose of sport and thus is morally wrong [10]. In competitive sport, these noble but archaic values of gentleman sport are in conflict with the driving forces behind high performance sport [13,20] as well as with the universal values of selfenhancement and self-direction [21]. From a behavioural point of view, doping can equally be seen as a motivated, effortful and goal-oriented behaviour [6,22] that is justified on the grounds of functionality and triggered by athletic-related life events; or as a deviant behaviour in terms of substance use [23], or rule breaking and moral disengagement [24].…”

Section: Definitions Of Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a strictly functional point of view, doping -through pharmacological advancements -can expand the somewhat fixed capacities of human performance [13], and thus contribute to 'going faster, higher and stronger'. The history of doping clearly indicates that doping does not contravene universal moral codes but, rather, violates the agreed rules of today's sport competition which are in place to protect the intrinsic values of sport.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

Petróczi¹,

Norman²,

Brueckner³

2017

Acute Topics in Anti-Doping

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In sport, a wide array of substances with established or putative performance-enhancing properties is used. Most substances are fully acceptable, whilst a defined set, revised annually, is prohibited; thus, using any of these prohibited substances is declared as cheating. In the increasingly tolerant culture of pharmacological and technical human enhancements, the traditional normative approach to anti-doping, which involves telling athletes what they cannot do to improve their athletic ability and performance, diverges from the otherwise positive values attached to human improvement and enhancement in society. Today, doping is the epitome of conflicting normative expectations about the goal (performance enhancement) and the means by which the goal is achieved (use of drugs). Owing to this moral-functional duality, addressing motivations for doping avoidance at the community level is necessary, but not sufficient, for effective doping prevention. Relevant and meaningful anti-doping must also recognise and respect the values of those affected, and consolidate them with the values underpinning structural, community level anti-doping. Effective anti-doping efforts are pragmatic, positive, preventive, and proactive. They acknowledge the progressive nature of how a "performance mindset" forms in parallel with the career transition to elite level, encompasses all levels and abilities, and directly addresses the reasons behind doping use with tangible solutions. For genuine integration into sport and society, anti-doping should consistently engage athletes and other stakeholders in developing positive preventive strategies to ensure that anti-doping education not only focuses on the intrinsic values associated with the spirit of sport but also recognises the values attached to performance enhancement, addresses the pressures athletes are under, and meets their needs for practical solutions to avoid doping. Organisations involved in anti- doping should avoid the image of "controlling" but, instead, work in partnerships with all stakeholders to involve and ensure integration of the targeted individuals in global community-based preventive interventions.

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Section: Definitions Of Dopingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

Petróczi¹,

Norman²,

Brueckner³

2017

Acute Topics in Anti-Doping

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“…The need for performance enhancement is emerging from the desire to maximise or even expand human capacities [1], and by doping to gain competitive edge in a situation where athletes’ performances are judged on two levels simultaneously: athletes compete against the opponents in situations where typically only one can win and are also automatically entered into a quest for breaking records which opens up the competitive arena including all from the past. From the array of substances with performance enhancing properties, a wide range represents fully acceptable means, whilst a defined set is prohibited by some authorities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Multi-Player Performance-Enhancing Drug Game

2013

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This paper extends classical work on economics of doping into a multi-player game setting. Apart from being among the first papers formally formulating and analysing a multi-player doping situation, we find interesting results related to different types of Nash-equilibria (NE). Based mainly on analytic results, we claim at least two different NE structures linked to the choice of prize functions. Linear prize functions provide NEs characterised by either everyone or nobody taking drugs, while non-linear prize functions lead to qualitatively different NEs with significantly more complex predictive characteristics.

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“…Goldman actively rejects his own entirely legitimate alternative hypothesis that athletes recognised the question as a hypothetical scenario with poor ecological validity (Hauw & McNamee, 2014), and instead claims that the "evidence" (presumably his survey) suggests athletes will do anything to win. Beamish and Ritchie (2005) offer the intriguing suggestion that this was a deliberate rhetorical device used by Goldman:…”

Section: The Goldman Derivation: Takementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dubious claims, lack of transparency, and biased narrative style would surely attract much criticism had such research been reported within the scientific literature (Beamish & Ritchie, 2005;). Yet, given that the survey was published outside of the scientific domain (e.g., no peer review), one may argue that such issues are meaningless.…”

Section: The Goldman Derivation: Takementioning

confidence: 99%

Dying to Win? The Goldman Dilemma in Legend and Fact

Moston

Hutchinson

Engelberg

2017

International Journal of Sport Communication

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One of the implicit justifications for antidoping is that athletes are so committed to winning that they will take performance-enhancing substances regardless of the apparent consequences. Athletes are alleged to be, quite literally, willing to die to win. Support for this claim usually centers on the results of research by physician Bob Goldman, in which athletes were asked to respond to a hypothetical dilemma in which they were offered spectacular success in their chosen sport, but at a heavy price: they would die after five years of glory. In this paper, we examine the origins of this bargain, now popularly referred to as the Goldman dilemma, finding that both the methodology and implications of the original work have repeatedly been described inaccurately in both popular and scientific writings. These errors reflect both poor scholarship and deliberate misuse, where the flawed narrative is used to justify contentious policy decisions.

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From Fixed Capacities to Performance-Enhancement: The Paradigm Shift in the Science of ‘Training’ and the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

Can We Better Integrate the Role of Anti-Doping in Sports and Society? A Psychological Approach to Contemporary Value-Based Prevention

The Multi-Player Performance-Enhancing Drug Game

Dying to Win? The Goldman Dilemma in Legend and Fact

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