Despite obstacles, many rural-dwelling older adults report that positive aspects of rural residence, such as attachment to community, social participation, and familiarity, create a sense of belonging that far outweighs the negative. By being part of a community where they are known and they know people, rural elders continue to find meaning, the key to achieving successful aging in this last stage of life. This scoping review explored factors influencing social participation and, through it, successful aging among rural-dwelling older adults. We sought to answer the question: what factors enhance or detract from the ability of rural-dwelling older adults to engage in social participation in rural communities? The scoping review resulted in 19 articles that highlight the importance of supports to enable older people to spend time with others, including their pets, engage in volunteer and community activities, and help maintain their home and care for their pets. Overall, the lack of services, including local health care facilities, was less important than the attachment to place and social capital associated with aging in place.

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Abstract:The objective of this study was to examine the role of social determinants of health: gender, income, education, housing, and social connections in successful aging in older adults aging with illness. Participants were 50 adults aged 65-90 years, all aging in place in their own home, and reporting at least one illness. This pilot study used non-probability sampling and employed both online and in-person interviews. The majority (82%) were aging "successfully" or "somewhat successfully" as reported on the single item successful aging scale and demonstrated by their scores on the Successful Aging Inventory (SAI). Correlations were not significant between SAI and gender, income, education, or housing. A significant negative correlation was found between SAI and community activity. However, there were significant positive correlations between SAI and religious activity and relationships. The regression model was a linear combination of participants' community and religious activity and relationships. The majority of older adults aging with illness consider themselves to be aging successfully, but their scores are influenced by relationships with others as well as religious and community activity. Frequent community activity had a suppressor effect on successful aging.

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This paper sketches out a framework for the comparative analysis of physical exercise policy within the context of the development of the welfare state. The term "physical exercise policy" is used here to refer to specific policies pertaining to the body which were geared towards the fostering of "physical fitness" and specific sport practices. The first section presents general considerations for comparative analysis. Section two discusses a "Society-State" framework. The concluding section presents directions for further studies. Historical examples are used to illustrate major points in the proposed framework.Recent studies (see for example Harvey 1988; Wilson 1988; Macintosh and Whitson 1990) have demonstrated the influence that the development of the welfare state has had on the transformation of physical exercise policy.2 These studies mostly focussed on single countries. Until now, there has not been a well theorized, comparative study of physical exercise policy within the context of the welfare state. The purpose of this paper is to sketch out a framework for such an analysis.In the first section, general considerations for the comparative analysis of physical exercise policy under the auspicious of the welfare state are presented. Section two discusses a proposed framework for such an analysis. The concluding section presents directions for further study. The paper presents a number of historical examples of physical exercise policy, drawn from ongoing research comparing Canada, England, France and Germany, to illustrate the major points of the proposed framework.Int Rev for Soc of Sport 28/1 (1993) ©