From Foam Rubber to Volcanoes: The Physical Chemistry of Foam Formation

Hansen, Lee D.; McCarlie, V. Wallace

doi:10.1021/ed081p1581

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…PFA are classified into inorganic and organic molecules ( Scheme 1 ). The most important inorganic PFA are nitrogen (N 2 ), CO 2 , water and air [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], while organic PFA are based on pentane, hexane, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, freon and similar structures [ 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Rubber Foaming Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PFA are classified into inorganic and organic molecules (Scheme 1). The most important inorganic PFA are nitrogen (N 2 ), CO 2 , water and air [60][61][62][63][64][65], while organic PFA are based on pentane, hexane, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, freon and similar structures [66,67]. According to the literature, several substances, such as compressed inert gases and supercritical fluids, in particular supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ), have been proposed as inorganic PFA [68].…”

Section: Physical Foaming Agent (Pfa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Rostami‐Tapeh‐Esmaeil

Vahidifar

Esmizadeh

et al. 2021

Polymers

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With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.

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Section: Rubber Foaming Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physical Foaming Agent (Pfa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Rostami‐Tapeh‐Esmaeil

Vahidifar

Esmizadeh

et al. 2021

Polymers

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“…A surfactant is usually used in the formulation to help the stabilization of the gas-liquid emulsion during the initial moments of foam formation; polyether-polysiloxane copolymers are commonly used. An instructive discussion on foam formation is presented elsewhere (5).…”

Section: Formation Of Polyurethanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation, Preparation, and Characterization of Polyurethane Foams

Pinto

2010

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…Foam is a kind of thermodynamically unstable system, and it begins to evolve as soon as it is created . The liquid drainage, the coalescence of bubbles, and the rupture of the foam films are the main processes influencing the foam stability, − which are actually determined by the characteristics of the foam films, so knowing the detailed information about the molecular behaviors in the foam systems is important for better understanding the apparent foam properties, which was still unclear due to the limit of methods researching the molecules at the molecular level, especially at the interfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding about How Different Foaming Gases Effect the Interfacial Array Behaviors of Surfactants and the Foam Properties

Sun

et al. 2016

Langmuir

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In this paper, the detailed behaviors of all the molecules, especially the interfacial array behaviors of surfactants and diffusion behaviors of gas molecules, in foam systems with different gases (N2, O2, and CO2) being used as foaming agents were investigated by combining molecular dynamics simulation and experimental approaches for the purpose of interpreting how the molecular behaviors effect the properties of the foam and find out the key factors which fundamentally determine the foam stability. Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS was used as the foam stabilizer. The foam decay and the drainage process were determined by Foamscan. A texture analyzer (TA) was utilized to measure the stiffness and viscoelasticity of the foam films. The experimental results agreed very well with the simulation results by which how the different gas components affect the interfacial behaviors of surfactant molecules and thereby bring influence on foam properties was described.

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From Foam Rubber to Volcanoes: The Physical Chemistry of Foam Formation

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Formulation, Preparation, and Characterization of Polyurethane Foams

Understanding about How Different Foaming Gases Effect the Interfacial Array Behaviors of Surfactants and the Foam Properties

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