From Honey Wine to the Cultivation of the Grape: An Early History of Fermented Beverages

Abstract

It is generally believed that the origin of alcoholic fermented beverages is shrouded in the mists of human prehistory. While its specific origins are uncertain, it is clear that the production of alcohol via fermentation is one of the oldest forms of chemical technology, with the production of fermented beverages such as mead, beer, and wine predating the smelting of metals. As a result of the intoxicating effects of these drinks, as well as their perceived pharmacological and nutritional benefits, fermented beverages have also played key roles in the development of human culture, contributing to the advancement of agriculture, horticulture, and food-processing techniques.A general overview of the early history and chemistry of fermented beverages and their uses will be presented.

The Rise of Wine among Ancient Civilizations across the Mediterranean Basin

“…The production of fermented beverages and foods is contemporary with the onset and expansion of agriculture [5]. The presence of ethanol and other metabolites contributed to the preservation of dietary goods, enhancement of their palatability and digestibility, thus sustainably supporting the advancement and intensification of agriculture, horticulture and food processing techniques [11]. Cereals provided bread, olives gave oil and fruits could be consumed fresh, but the consumption of naturally fermenting juices added to the nutritional function and the role of ethanol as a psychotropic drug [22][23][24].…”

“…The origin of wine is intimately linked to the development of ancient civilizations and has been thoroughly described in excellent monographs edited by notable archaeologists [1][2][3][4][5], geographers and historians [6,7]. These works constitute the main body of knowledge further explored by marketers [8,9], physicists [10], biochemists [11] and journalists [12][13][14][15]. The authors' professional backgrounds, motivations and interests provide a wide diversity of views that assess the approach, breadth and depth of each work.…”

Key Odorants Forming Aroma of Polish Mead: Influence of the Raw Material and Manufacturing Processes

“…Mead is a traditional alcoholic beverage known since the Middle Ages throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. 1 Poland has a long and rich history of mead production, dating back to ancient times, when it was already produced by the Slavic peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of Christianity. Mead is a highly valued beverage in Polish culture, and it is often served at important celebrations and ceremonies.…”