From Numerosity to Ordinal Rank: A Gain-Field Model of Serial Order Representation in Cortical Working Memory

Botvinick, Matthew; Watanabe, Takamitsu

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2110-07.2007

Cited by 108 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Moreover, in tasks such as the ones used here, behavioral evidence strongly supports the idea that subjects do not proceed from action to action by a chain of reflexes but instead maintain an incrementally updated internal representation of ordinal position and select at each stage the action associated with the current representation (Orlov et al 2002). Several successful computational models exploit explicit representations of either absolute ordinal position (Beiser and Houk 1998;Botvinick and Watanabe 2007;Dominey et al 1998a;Fukai 1999;Orlov et al 2002;Salinas 2009) or ordinal position as defined relative to the beginning and end of a sequence (Henson 1998;Rosenbaum et al 2007). Our findings are compatible with these ideas in that they demonstrate the presence in frontal cortex of ordinal position signals independent of signals reflecting extraneous factors commonly correlated with rank (Fig.…”

Section: Functional Significancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex

Berdyyeva

Olson

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Berdyyeva TK, Olson CR. Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 105: 2547-2559, 2011. First published March 9, 2011 doi:10.1152/jn.00903.2010.-Neurons in several areas of the monkey frontal cortex exhibit rank selectivity, firing differentially as a function of the stage attained during the performance of a serial order task. The activity of these neurons is commonly thought to represent ordinal position within the trial. However, they might also be sensitive to factors correlated with ordinal position including time elapsed during the trial (which is greater for each successive stage) and the degree of anticipation of reward (which probably increases at each successive stage). To compare the influences of these factors, we monitored neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA), presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), supplementary eye field (SEF), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the performance of a serial order task (requiring a series of saccades in three specified directions), a variable reward task (in which a cue displayed early in the trial indicated whether the reward received at the end of the trial would be large or small), and a long delay task (in which the monkey had simply to maintain fixation during a period of time approximating the duration of an average trial in the serial order task). We found that rank signals were partially correlated with sensitivity to elapsed time and anticipated reward. The connection to elapsed time was strongest in the pre-SMA. The connection to anticipated reward was most pronounced in the SMA and SEF. However, critically, these factors could not fully explain rank selectivity in any of the areas tested. monkey; neuronal activity; serial order TO BE ABLE TO PERFORM a series of actions in the correct order requires that neurons somewhere in the brain keep track of the sequence of events. Neurons that systematically change their firing rate according to ordinal position within a serial order task are prominent candidates for this role. Such neurons had been often reported in frontal cortical areas including the supplementary motor area (SMA) (Berdyyeva and Olson 2010;

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Section: Functional Significancesupporting

confidence: 61%

Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex

Berdyyeva

Olson

2011

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…In an early study of Scottish low birth-weight children, Drillien and colleagues (1980) reported that the combination of low socioeconomic status and preterm birth has a dramatic negative impact on intellectual performance (Botvinick & Watanabe, 2007). Our studies so far have not addressed whether this is also the case in a Swedish population of children born preterm in the early 1990s, where there has been universal access to maternal health and perinatal care of high quality.…”

Section: Parental Educationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Longitudinal Studies of Executive and Cognitive Development After Preterm Birth

Lundequist¹

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The population of survivors after preterm birth is increasing, and, in conjunction with this, there is growing concern about their long-term development. Stockholm Neonatal Project (SNP) is a longitudinal population-based study of children born prematurely in 1988-93, with a very low birth weight (<1500 g), who have been followed prospectively from birth through adolescence. A matched control group was recruited at age 5 ½ years. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the long-term development of preterm children compared to controls, paying particular attention to their executive functions (EF) in relation to the degree of prematurity, birth weight and medical risks. Study I, utilizing Bender drawings and other data obtained at age 5 ½ years, showed a disadvantage in visuo-motor development in preterm children, especially among the boys. Visuo-motor skills were highly related to performance IQ (PIQ) in both groups, and also to EF in the preterm group. In Study II, data from the NEPSY test battery administered at age 5 ½ was used, and neuropsychological profiles typical of preterm children and term born children respectively, were identified through cluster analysis. The general level of performance corresponded well with intelligence, motor functions and parental education in both groups, but preterm children had overall lower results and exhibited greater variability across domains. Study III showed that extremely preterm birth (w. 23-27) per se poses a risk for cognitive outcome at age 18, particularly for EF, and that perinatal medical complications add to the risk. By contrast, adolescents born very preterm (w. 28-31) performed just as well as term-born controls in all cognitive domains. However, adolescents who had been born moderately preterm (w. 32-36) and small for gestational age, showed general cognitive deficits. Study IV found that cognitive development was highly stable over time, with parental education and EF at 5 ½ years being significant predictors for cognitive outcome at age 18, in both groups. In the preterm group, perinatal medical risks and being small for gestational age continued to significantly influence development from 5 ½ to 18 years. Study V demonstrated that neuropsychological scoring of Bender drawings, which was developed in study I, predicted general cognitive outcome as well as EF in adolescence. This indicates that developmental screening using Bender drawings with neuropsychological scoring may be useful around school entry.In summary, the results illustrate that cognitive outcome after preterm birth is highly diverse and influenced by biological and environmental factors. No single factor can explain or predict children's development, but we conclude that extreme prematurity presents a particular risk for EF dysfunction. Developmental screening is recommended to identify children who may benefit from special educational interventions.

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“…Item retention abilities were minimized because item information was fully provided at recall and only the serial order of the items within the target sequence needed to be reconstructed. The precision of serial order coding was estimated by determining the number of positions each erroneously reconstructed item had migrated and by comparing the number of large migrations (three, four, or five positions) relative to the number of small migrations (one or two positions) (Estes, 1972;Lee & Estes, 1981); the index was computed in such a way (see Method for details) that a higher value of the index reflected a higher precision of serial coding by assuming that precise serial order representations lead to small distance migrations and broad representations lead to large distance migrations, based on a number of experimental studies showing that the vast majority of migration errors in immediate serial reproduction tasks are one or two position migrations (e.g., Botvinick & Watanabe, 2007;Burgess & Hitch, 1999;Henson, 1998). Item STM was assessed via a single nonword delayed repetition task maximizing retention of item information by requiring children to process, store, and repeat short unfamiliar phonological patterns with minimal opportunity for the occurrence of serial order errors (Leclercq & Majerus, 2010).…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term memory for serial order supports vocabulary development: New evidence from a novel word learning paradigm

Majerus

Boukebza

2013

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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a b s t r a c tAlthough recent studies suggest a strong association between short-term memory (STM) for serial order and lexical development, the precise mechanisms linking the two domains remain to be determined. This study explored the nature of these mechanisms via a microanalysis of performance on serial order STM and novel word learning tasks. In the experiment, 6-and 7-year-old children were administered tasks maximizing STM for either item or serial order information as well as paired-associate learning tasks involving the learning of novel words, visual symbols, or familiar word pair associations. Learning abilities for novel words were specifically predicted by serial order STM abilities. A measure estimating the precision of serial order coding predicted the rate of correct repetitions and the rate of phoneme migration errors during the novel word learning process. In line with recent theoretical accounts, these results suggest that serial order STM supports vocabulary development via ordered and detailed reactivation of the novel phonological sequences that characterize new words.Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. IntroductionAn increasing literature is showing that verbal short-term memory (STM), and especially STM for serial order, is closely associated with lexical development. The underlying hypothesis is that shortterm retention abilities for sequential information support vocabulary development by facilitating 0022-0965/$ -see front matter Ó

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From Numerosity to Ordinal Rank: A Gain-Field Model of Serial Order Representation in Cortical Working Memory

Cited by 108 publications

References 54 publications

Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex

Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex

Longitudinal Studies of Executive and Cognitive Development After Preterm Birth

Short-term memory for serial order supports vocabulary development: New evidence from a novel word learning paradigm

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