From Red Vienna to the Anschluss: Ideological Competition among Viennese Newspapers during the Rise of National Socialism

Shareholder Value and Workforce Downsizing, 1981–2006

“…Studies on inter-form competition show that the prevalence of one organizational form or practice can undermine the cognitive-cultural legitimacy of an alternative one (Barnett and Woywode 2004;Ruef 2000;. As more organizations abandon a given practice and adopt an alternative practice, others will jump ship (Greve 1995).…”

When Does Globalization Lead to Local Adaptation? The Emergence of Hybrid Islamic Schools in Turkey, 1985–2007

“…This literature further recognizes that organizations are important carriers of ideology that fuel contestation, social change, and adaptation (Barnett and Woywode 2004;Simons and Ingram 2004;Sine and Lee 2009). For instance, cooperative organizations often emerge in response to corporations out of anticorporate sentiments in order to defend the "commonwealth" logic against the dominant "mass market" logic Boone and Özcan 2014).…”

“…Second, ideological polarization is another mobilizing force (Kurzman 1998;Hasenfeld and Gidron 2005;Boone and Özcan 2014), because rivalry between dissimilar ideologies makes ideologies extremely sharp and salient, which mobilizes the adherents of these ideologies to diffuse their values and American Journal of Sociology preferences (Olzak and West 1991;Barnett and Woywode 2004;Simons and Ingram 2004). This is consistent with Meyer andStaggenborg's (1996, p. 1638) proposition that "when movements effectively create or exploit events, they are likely to encourage countermovement mobilization at the same time that they advance their own causes."…”

“…This is an important omission given that organizations are major carriers of ideology, playing an important role in the diffusion of ideas and values. Organization-building processes fuel ideological struggles and therefore are important mediators of societal change (Barnett and Woywode 2004;Simons and Ingram 2004;Haveman, Rao, and Paruchuri 2007).…”

The Merton Theorem Revisited and Restated: Conservatism and Fascism as Functional Analogues

“…It is rather that American and other conservatism also shares this fascist attribute, as somewhat less established, denied, or hidden by its adherents by the discourse of "freedom" and "exceptionalism", thus representing a functional analogue in this sense. For instance, just as in interwar Germany and Austria, German conservatism continued to be "extreme and unaccommodating" during that time 19 (Barnett and Woywode 2004) and eventually blended or allied with Nazism (Blinkhorn 2003), so did, with some qualifications, its American version in certain periods like the 1930s-1960s and the 1980s-2000s. In particular, some analysts identify and describe U.S. "free-market" and religious neoconservatives (evangelicals) and anti-liberals like Reagan et al as "rigid extremists" (Blomberg and Harrington 2000) and to that extent "all-American" functional analogues or proxies of the Nazis and other European fascists as the exemplary embodiments of anti-liberal extremism.…”