T his chapter analyses educational assessment in relation to its social, cultural, economic and political context. We suggest that the worldwide focus on assessment of learning, partly driven by the in uence of the OECD, is related to the idea that allowing 'merit', de ned in terms of measurable learning outcomes, to determine life chances is an adequate guarantor of social justice. From this dominant perspective, education is also seen primarily as serving to form productive workers rather than enhance ourishing or promote truly sustainable and equitable societies. The latter goal instead calls for a holistic and humanistic approach to education and a less high-stakes model of assessment for and as learning. We suggest that some important aspects of education for child ourishing cannot easily, or appropriately, be subjected to quantitative assessment. It has been claimed that technological advances enable better assessment of higher-order skills with the potential to improve teaching, but we argue that any bene ts to teachers and students remain unclear. Understanding the complex relationship between assessment and context requires analysis of public discourse on science and evidence, the in uences that shape it, and the role of vested interests. We therefore emphasize the need to recognize how ideological beliefs, economic interests and political agendas drive assessment reforms around the world, stressing that inclusive and holistic approaches to assessment need to take proper account of the sociocultural and economic concerns of the communities they serve.