From Senegal and Back (1975–2008): Migration Trends and Routes of Migrants in Times of Restrictions

International Climate Migration: Evidence for the Climate Inhibitor Mechanism and the Agricultural Pathway

“…Preferred destinations for Senegalese within Africa include Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea (FM, ; Beauchemin et al ., ). Migrants often find employment in the farming and construction sectors, and the labour requirements result in a highly gendered migration stream composed predominantly of young, working‐age males (Cordell et al ., ; Roncoli et al ., ; Beauchemin et al ., ). However, recent trends of diversification in the employment sectors have resulted in more gender‐balanced migration streams (Cordell et al ., ; Adepoju, ).…”

“…Migration to Europe is much more prevalent among Senegalese, with France counting historically among the primary destinations due to colonial ties. In the 1990s, Italy and Spain emerged as alternative destinations in response to increased border restrictions by France (Beauchemin et al ., ; FM, ). Preferred destinations for Senegalese within Africa include Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea (FM, ; Beauchemin et al ., ).…”

“…In the 1990s, Italy and Spain emerged as alternative destinations in response to increased border restrictions by France (Beauchemin et al ., ; FM, ). Preferred destinations for Senegalese within Africa include Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea (FM, ; Beauchemin et al ., ). Migrants often find employment in the farming and construction sectors, and the labour requirements result in a highly gendered migration stream composed predominantly of young, working‐age males (Cordell et al ., ; Roncoli et al ., ; Beauchemin et al ., ).…”

Economic reintegration postreturn—examining the role of return voluntariness, resource mobilization and time to prepare

“…Both countries experience substantive, economically motivated migration to Spain, at the same time as they occupy different legal positions in relation to EU migration. Spain started attracting Senegalese workers in the 1990s and 2000s and it soon became the third most common destination for Senegalese emigrants (Beauchemin et al, 2014). Bilateral negotiations between the Spanish and Senegalese state since 2005 have facilitated the deportation of Senegalese migrants found in the territory without proper residence documents, and the ‘return’ of those intercepted at sea (Vives, 2016).…”

“…Bilateral negotiations between the Spanish and Senegalese state since 2005 have facilitated the deportation of Senegalese migrants found in the territory without proper residence documents, and the ‘return’ of those intercepted at sea (Vives, 2016). Increased restrictions have not decreased these inflows, but rather increased unauthorized migration and led to fewer ‘voluntary’ returns (Beauchemin et al, 2014). This is reflected in Figure 1, where a decrease in the share of Senegalese born population in Spain is absent during the crisis years.…”