This paper is an analysis of patterns and determinants of return and onward migration among foreign‐born individuals residing in Sweden from 1990 to 2015. Who is emigrating, and where do they go? What are the determinants of return and onward migration? Increased diversity in international migration flows includes an increase in repeat migration. However, studies of re‐emigration have often failed to appropriately distinguish emigration types and have traditionally been limited to economic analysis of labour migrants. Using high‐quality register data from Sweden, this paper analyses re‐emigration through the conditions upon first immigration and evolving social and economic integration in the host country. Although return migration is found to be the main form of remigration type, onward migration is more prominent among specific migrant groups such as forced migrants. Additionally, various determinants of return and onward migration stress the importance of treating them as distinct phenomena within the migration literature.

Estimating the number of individuals living in a country is an essential task for demographers. This study assesses the potential bias in estimating the size of different migrant populations due to over-coverage in population registers. Over-coverage-individuals registered but not living in a country-is an increasingly pressing phenomenon; however, there is no common understanding of how to deal with over-coverage in demographic research. This study examines different approaches to and improvements in over-coverage estimation using Swedish total population register data. We assess over-coverage levels across migrant groups, test how estimates of age-specific death and fertility rates are affected when adjusting for overcoverage, and examine whether over-coverage can explain part of the healthy migrant paradox. Our results confirm the existence of over-coverage and we find substantial changes in mortality and fertility rates, when adjusted, for people of migrating age. Accounting for over-coverage is particularly important for correctly estimating migrant fertility.

SUMMARY Two blood pressure (BP) measurements separated by 3 months were performed according to international guidelines on 2976 students (11 to 19 years) of different economic levels. Obesity was defined based upon height and weight. With the first measurements, 50th and 95th percentile value distribution curves were defined. Systolic hypertension (SH) was found in 9.5%; 10.2% were males and 8.9% females. The sample showed that 8.1% were obese (240 cases); among them the incidence of SH increased to 28.8% (69 cases) (p < 0.01). In the entire sample, diastolic hypertension (DH) was 43%; males, 2.7%, and females, 5.5% (p < 0.01). Among obese students, DH increased to 83% (20 cases) (p < 0.01), and showed prevalence figures of 5.8% for obese males and 103% (14 cases) for obese females. After a second measurement, DH for the sample decreased to 1.8%. Salt intake and familial antecedents of high BP showed differences between hypertensive and normal populations. M This stresses the importance of epidemiological research in different geographic areas to obtain information on distribution of blood pressure (BP) values, incidence of hypertension, and role of risk factors.The purposes of our study were to: 1) build the first BP distribution curves for a Chilean urban adolescent population; 2) compare these curves with those presented in the American Report of the Task Force on BP Control in Children; 10 3) establish the prevalence of suspicious values of systolic hypertension (SH) and diastolic hypertension (DH); and 4) relate obesity, excessive salt intake, and familial antecedents of hypertension to individual BP values. MethodOur sample was made up of 2,976 students 11 to 19 years old, selected from three schools to provide contrast in socioeconomic levels. They lived in metropolitan Santiago, Chile's capital, with an estimated population of 3.5 million, 22% of them belonging to the 10-to 19-year age group.Antecedents of familial hypertension and previous determinations of BP were obtained through a written form answered by each student's parents. After a previous appointment, height, weight, and BP measurements were performed at school, in a quiet room around 20°C during normal lecturing time. Height and weight were determined in indoor clothing without shoes. BP measurements were taken following the recommendations of the American Task Force; 10 observers were always the same physicians. Only 37% of the students had previous determinations of BP. The first measurement values were used to build percentile distribution curves by age and sex. According to the recommendations of the Task Force, we labeled as suspicious individuals in the 95th or over percentile of that report's figures, because we had no national reference values of BP in children. Subjects with diastolic values at or over the 95th percentile were rescreened within 3 months, and they are still being followed to obtain a third measurement.

This paper examines conditions of international return migration and their relation to risks of experiencing economic difficulties postreturn. Relying on unique survey data among Senegalese and Romanian returnees, we revisit and provide an empirical examination of the theoretical notion of return preparedness, involving aspects of voluntariness, resource mobilization and time to prepare. The lack of time to prepare return, more commonly associated with self‐declared involuntary returns and deportations, is found to significantly increase the risk of economic difficulties post return in both contexts. Whilst emphasizing the complexity of voluntariness, the findings show that, additionally, returns compelled by external circumstances or negative return motivations (‘semi‐involuntary’) are associated with higher risks of economic difficulties. Compared to nonmigrants, returnees experienced decreased risks of economic difficulties in Senegal, but not significantly in Romania. Those forced back to Senegal or compelled to return to Romania did, however not experience such risk decrease.

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