“…To capture the local neighborhood effect, this study involved an automated redistricting based on an inductive, recursive algorithm to isolate smaller, socioeconomic clusters (Lund, 2018). While it is methodologically challenging to measure the ways individuals create and maintain social communities, the ways landscapes seem to facilitate this is not (Entwisle et al, 1997;Feld, 1981;Lund, 2018Lund, , 2019White et al, 2005). The shaping of cities, communities and housing follow principles of closeness and these entities are separated by way of physical barriers such roads, railways, rivers, lakes, forests or other objects that may not have been intended as separators but often act as ones (Feld, 1981;Lund, 2018).…”