From the first loophole-free Bell test to a Quantum Internet

Hensen, B. J.; Bernien, Hannes; Dréau, A.; Reiserer, Andreas; Kalb, Norbert; Blok, Machiel; Ruitenberg, Just; Vermeulen, R. F. L.; Schouten, R. N.; Abellán, Carlos; Amaya, Waldimar; Pruneri, Valerio; Mitchell, Morgan W.; Markham, Matthew; Twitchen, Daniel J.; Elkouss, David; Wehner, Stephanie; Taminiau, T. H.; Hanson, Ronald K.

doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2016.fw4c.2

Cited by 294 publications

(440 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…They can provide metrics for qubit performance. Moreover, as a result of experimental advances associated with the quantum computation era, it has become possible to close loopholes in foundational tests of quantum mechanics [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violation of noninvasive macrorealism by a superconducting qubit: Implementation of a Leggett-Garg test that addresses the clumsiness loophole

Huffman

Mizel

2017

Phys. Rev. A

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The Leggett-Garg inequality holds for any macrorealistic system that is being measured noninvasively. A violation of the inequality can signal that a system does not conform to our primal intuition about the physical world. Alternatively, a violation can simply indicate that "clumsy" experimental technique led to invasive measurements. Here, we consider a recent Leggett-Garg test designed to try to rule out the mundane second possibility. We tailor this Leggett-Garg test to the IBM 5Q Quantum Experience system and find compelling evidence that qubit Q2 of the system cannot be described by noninvasive macrorealism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violation of noninvasive macrorealism by a superconducting qubit: Implementation of a Leggett-Garg test that addresses the clumsiness loophole

Huffman

Mizel

2017

Phys. Rev. A

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“…4 Being optically addressable and coherently controllable by microwaves, the single electronic spins associated with the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV − ) centers in diamond are playing important roles in emergent quantum technology, e.g., as a matter qubit interfacing with a flying qubit [5][6][7][8] and as a nanoscale magnetic sensor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-vacancy centers created by N+ ion implantation through screening SiO2 layers on diamond

Ito

Saitô

Sasaki

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on an ion implantation technique utilizing a screening mask made of SiO 2 to control both the depth profile and the dose. By appropriately selecting the thickness of the screening layer, this method fully suppresses the ion channeling, brings the location of the highest NV density to the surface, and effectively reduces the dose by more than three orders of magnitude. With a standard ion implantation system operating at the energy of 10 keV and the dose of 10 11 cm 2 and without an additional etching process, we create single NV centers close to the surface with coherence times of a few tens of µs.Impurity doping of semiconductors is a fabrication process indispensable for the modern electronic devices, and continues to be so for quantum devices such as siliconbased single-donor spin qubits 1-3 , in which the positions of the individual donors must be controlled precisely. 4Being optically addressable and coherently controllable by microwaves, the single electronic spins associated with the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV − ) centers in diamond are playing important roles in emergent quantum technology, e.g., as a matter qubit interfacing with a flying qubit 5-8 and as a nanoscale magnetic sensor. 9-11Both applications demand that the NV centers be located close to the diamond surface. 12 For quantum network, shallow NV spins can be efficiently coupled to photons in a nanophotonic cavity.13 For magnetometry, the proximity of the NV sensor to a magnetic specimen is crucial, because their dipolar coupling strength decays as the inverse cube of the separation.So far, shallow NV centers (< 5 nm from the surface) have been created primarily by (i) nitrogen-doping during CVD growth 14-17 and (ii) N + ion implantation. 18-27The CVD approach allows the accurate control of the impurity distribution in the depth direction, whereas the doping is random in the lateral dimensions. Ironically, high-quality CVD diamond films tend to lack vacancies to pair up with nitrogen atoms; an additional process to introduce vacancies, such as electron irradiation 14 , C + ion implantation 16 , or He + ion implantation 17 , is often required, although the creation of shallow NV centers in as-grown films has also been reported. 15Ion implantation introduces both nitrogen atoms and vacancies into diamond. The lateral distributions are controllable by the use of focused ion beam 18 or an array of small apertures. 20-23The main concern is that a) Electronic mail: kitoh@appi.keio.ac.jp b) Electronic mail: e-abe@keio.jp the depth profile intrinsically has broadening approximated by a Gaussian distribution. Importantly, the ions can penetrate deep inside of the crystal lattice due to the ion channeling effect. 28 The prevailing approach is to keep the implantation energy low (< 5 keV).24-27 It is also preferred to set the implantation dose (fluence) low (∼10 8 cm −2 ), so that single NV centers can be resolved optically. On the other hand, standard, multi-purpose ion implantation systems operate at 10 keV or higher with the dos...

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“…In an opinion article [1] published at the end of 2015, the question of quantum non-locality is all but settled on the basis of three reports published earlier in the year [2][3][4] apparently providing evidence of strong correlations between the two photonic subsystem components of entangled states. For some particular reason though, another report [5] of high levels of correlations between classical and entangled functions of optical polarization was totally ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measured events of correlated pairs of photons are "extremely rare" [1], with typical values of "slightly more than one event-ready signal per hour" [2]. Nevertheless, the interpretation of the experimental results of [1][2][3][4][5] failed to take into account the role played by the quantum Rayleigh conversion of photons [7][8][9][10][11] in their propagation through the dielectric media of optical fibers, beam splitters, polarization rotating devices and other dielectric elements comprising the experimental setups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Rayleigh Annihilation of Entangled Photons

Vatarescu¹

2018

Preprint

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Abstract:The interpretation of published experimental results intended to prove the existence of a quantum phenomenon of non-locality involving photonic entangled states did not take into consideration the existence of the quantum Rayleigh conversion of photons in dielectric media. This phenomenon leads to the existence of high levels of correlations between two independent photonic and linearly polarized quantum states generated after the entangled photons have been absorbed through the quantum Rayleigh conversion. Both pure and mixed individual states of polarization result in expressions normally associated with entangled photonic states, providing support for the view that the physical reality of quantum non-locality is highly questionable.

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From the first loophole-free Bell test to a Quantum Internet

Cited by 294 publications

References 20 publications

Violation of noninvasive macrorealism by a superconducting qubit: Implementation of a Leggett-Garg test that addresses the clumsiness loophole

Violation of noninvasive macrorealism by a superconducting qubit: Implementation of a Leggett-Garg test that addresses the clumsiness loophole

Nitrogen-vacancy centers created by N+ ion implantation through screening SiO2 layers on diamond

Quantum Rayleigh Annihilation of Entangled Photons

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