From the Infection to the Immunotherapy in Cervical Cancer: Can We Stop the Natural Course of the Disease?

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women aged 20–39 years. Persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most important risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Three HPVs vaccines are currently on the global market: bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent. The nonavalent vaccine provides protection against almost 90% of HPV-related CC. Despite availability of primary and secondary prevention measures, CC persists as one of the most common cancers among women around the world. Although CC is a largely preventable disease, management of persistent or recurrent CC no longer amenable to control with surgery or radiation therapy has not improved significantly with the progress of modern chemotherapy and disseminated carcinoma of the cervix remains a discouraging clinical entity with a 1-year survival rate between 10% and 15%. Over the last few years, there has been increasing interest in immunotherapy as a strategy to fight tumors. This article focuses on recent discoveries about the HPV vaccine and immunotherapies in the prevention and treatment of CC, highlighting the future view.

Correcting HPV Vaccination Misinformation Online: Evaluating the HPV Vaccination NOW Social Media Campaign

“…Future studies may seek to incorporate additional cases and/or employ an experimental research design. In addition, future research may investigate how to communicate about recent findings suggesting the promise of HPV vaccination among older adults and the potential for therapeutic vaccination as an adjuvant approach among patients being treated for cervical cancer [ 37 , 38 ]. Despite these limitations, this study provides an exploratory analysis of a successful statewide HPV vaccination social media campaign.…”

Vectored Immunotherapeutics for Infectious Diseases: Can rAAVs Be The Game Changers for Fighting Transmissible Pathogens?

“…Chronic infection by HPV subtypes 16 and 18 are the strongest risk factors for cervical cancer development ( 289 , 290 ). While vaccines are available to prevent new infections, no cure is present for existing infections.…”

HPV Vaccination: Polish-Language Facebook Discourse Analysis

“…According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), HPV vaccines (primary prevention) combined with secondary prevention will allow for eliminating most cases of CC [ 8 ]. Although HPV vaccination is especially beneficial given before potential exposure to HPV through sexual contact, studies show that it is also effective in sexually active women and, in the adjuvant setting, reduces a risk of recurrent cervical dysplasia after surgical treatment [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Vaccines against HPV of proven efficacy and safety have been approved for use in European Union countries since 2006 r [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”