From Water Scarcity to Sustainable Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Abstract

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information therein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.Published by: CRC Press/Balkema PO Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com www.crcpress.com -www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk -www.balkema.nl v DedicationTo the soul of my father Wadi' Nazer, mother Adla Hidmi and brother Hussein Nazer.Father, I still remember your words, for a friend of my sister who was invited for a meal in our house. The young gentleman had left some of the food in his plate after the meal. You said then "look son, if you knew how much money and effort had been spent to produce these leftovers, you will never leave anything in your plate anymore. For example, producing rice costs a lot of effort and resources on the country of production, it has been transported to our country and finally cooked to be ready in your plate. By disposing this amount you are neglecting all these efforts and resources. Moreover, you are spending part of your money for nothing". That was a lesson on life cycle and global thinking.Mother, although more than 25 years passed the message is still valid. Once you bought a piece of cloth, it was small. You decided to make me a suit (jacket and skirt) from this cloth. I told you it is not enough to make two pieces out of it, let us do the jacket only. You insisted and put the cloth on the table and said: "let's find out the best way of organizing the patrons of the jacket and skirt on the cloth?" The job was rather difficult. However, after a while of thinking, you did it and got the two pieces out of the small cloth. That was my first lesson on managing scarce resources.Hussein, you spent four years of you short life in the Israeli prisons because you believed in resisting the occupation for the sake of liberating man and land. You passed away without seeing that day coming. I will say today that man, land and water need to be liberated. Dima Nazer March 2009 vii AcknowledgmentsSpecial appreciation is extended to all those who contributed their time and energy in any way in order to help in getting this mission finished. It would have not been possible for me to undertake this study without the financial support from the Saudi Arabian Government, Ministry of Higher Education in the West Bank, Palestine and the NUFFIC fellowship program in the Netherlands. Their generous support is highly appreciated.Special thanks are extended to my promoters Prof. Pieter van der Zaag from UNESCO-IHE for his assistance, helpful comments, fruitful discussions and encour...

Assessment of Sustainable Indoor Water Management in Mkwawa University College of Education, Tanzania

“…This means that 8 litres of water was used for flushing toilets irrespective of the type of waste. These results are contrary to the recommendations by Nazer (2010) Further observations made in the toilets revealed unsustainable indoor water use because there were no small containers in 69 (55%) toilets (Table 1). Users of these toilets use 8 litres of water to flush liquid wastes such as urine and sputum.…”

“…Regarding technological changes, Grosvenor (2008) suggests the installation of water-efficient appliances, including toilets that use less water of about 3-6 litres depending on the requirements. Dual-flusher toilets with two buttons or handles to flush different levels of water can also be used where a 3-and 6-litre tank is used for flushing liquid and solid wastes, respectively (Nazer, 2010). Other technological measures are the use of low-flow showerheads and aerators, which are installed at the tips of the taps to decrease water flow up to 60 percent, while maintaining wetting effectiveness (Skipton & Dvorak, 2013).…”

Sustainability impacts of tidal river management: Towards a conceptual framework

“…Therefore, the proposed impact assessment framework will be more effective by evaluating livelihood assets of community people (Scoones, 1998;Ellis, 1999;DFID, 2000), the performance of TRM operation and its institutional set up. By providing strengths and opportunities or weaknesses and threats information (Nazer, 2009;Beckanov, 2010), the benefits will come from a group of ecosystem services by trade-offs (Falkenmark, 2003;Tallis et al, 2008) and by properly monetarising an ecosystem service (Springate-Baginski et al, 2009;WMO, 2012;Schagner et al, 2013;Hossain et al, 2016) with both economic and environmental value to understand risks or opportunities than those of mentioned frameworks. Sixthly, the framework will project the future vulnerability focus on water supply, ecological assessment and disaster risk reduction (Sullivan, 2010;Gain et al, 2012a;Doczi, 2014;Vollmer et al, 2016) by rainfall and weather forecast (Wu et al, 2010;Chau et al, 2010;Pallavi and Singh, 2016;Vivekanandan, 2016) as well as rainfall runoff predictions (Walker et al, 2014;Sarkar and Kumar, 2012;Mittal et al, 2012) for water-logging in the floodplain area, sediment and water flow forecast (Mostafa et al, 2012;Krishna et al, 2010;Shabani and Shabani, 2012) for drainage congestion of the tidal river and rising sea levels projections (Pashova and Popova, 2011;Rafiean and Aliei, 2013;Goharnejad, et al, 2013) for the floodplain community, tidal river and Tidal Basin.…”

“…Sustainable livelihood approach is a checklist that can be used for livelihood analysis to assess the fitness of development activities in the livelihood of the poor (Kollmair and Gamper, 2002). Nazer (2009), Beckanov (2010) demonstrated Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis for sustainable water use, technical feasibility and economic efficiency in water resource sustainability. Therefore, livelihood analysis and SWOT analysis are important to understand risks and opportunities in the field of sustainability.…”

The Effectiveness of Governance Mechanisms in Scenarios of Water Scarcity: The Cases of the Hydropolitical Complexes of Southern Africa and Jordan River Basin

“…The hydrogeological vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in the West Bank is high as Israel is already using almost 80 percent of the annual safe yield of the groundwater basins shared with the West Bank and the unmet demand encourages over-exploitation (Nazer, 2010;Mehyar et al, 2014).…”