From workplace air measurement results toward estimates of exposure? Development of a strategy to assess exposure to manufactured nano-objects

Brouwer, D.H.; Duuren-Stuurman, B. van; Berges, Markus; Jankowska, E.; Bard, Delphine; Mark, Dave

doi:10.1007/s11051-009-9772-1

Cited by 119 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Aerosol mass spectrometer is currently the only instrument capable of sizing and chemically analyzing nano-scale particles; it currently cannot measure metal and metal oxides, though this is in development (Kuhlbusch et al 2011). Additionally, the currently available measurement devices are able to discriminate particles according to size, but not according to density (Brouwer et al 2009). As such, current research does not provide enough data to identify significant patterns in fate and transport processes within the air compartment, indicating that additional research is needed.…”

Section: Fate and Transport In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging patterns for engineered nanomaterials in the environment: a review of fate and toxicity studies

2014

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A comprehensive assessment of the environmental risks posed by engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) entering the environment is necessary, due in part to the recent predictions of ENM release quantities and because ENMs have been identified in waste leachate. The technical complexity of measuring ENM fate and transport processes in all environments necessitates identifying trends in ENM processes. Emerging information on the environmental fate and toxicity of many ENMs was collected to provide a better understanding of their environmental implications. Little research has been conducted on the fate of ENMs in the atmosphere; however, most studies indicate that ENMs will in general have limited transport in the atmosphere due to rapid settling. Studies of ENM fate in realistic aquatic media indicates that in general, ENMs are more stable in freshwater and stormwater than in seawater or groundwater, suggesting that transport may be higher in freshwater than in seawater. ENMs in saline waters generally sediment out over the course of hours to days, leading to likely accumulation in sediments. Dissolution is significant for specific ENMs (e.g., Ag, ZnO, copper ENMs, nano zero-valent iron), which can result in their transformation from nanoparticles to ions, but the metal ions pose their own toxicity concerns. In soil, the fate of ENMs is strongly dependent on the size of the ENM aggregates, groundwater chemistry, as well as the pore size and soil particle size. Most groundwater studies have focused on unfavorable deposition conditions, but that is unlikely to be the case in many natural groundwaters with significant ionic strength due to hardness or salinity. While much still needs to be better understood, emerging patterns with regards to ENM fate, transport, and exposure combined with emerging information on toxicity indicate that risk is low for most ENMs, though current exposure estimates compared with current data on toxicity indicates that at current production and release levels, exposure to Ag, nZVI, and ZnO may cause toxicity to freshwater and marine species.

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Section: Fate and Transport In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging patterns for engineered nanomaterials in the environment: a review of fate and toxicity studies

2014

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“…A consistent and harmonized approach to data collection, collation, and analyses are the key factors for the development of a database that could be used for future calibration of a mechanistic model based on the conceptual model. The approaches that have been proposed so far for example, Brouwer et al (2009);Methner et al (2010), are good starting points for the process of harmonization. Any future calibration would require simultaneous measurements of all relevant metrics at both source and receptor, although estimates of surface area and mass concentration derived from the results of size-selective particle number concentration measurements can be used as a starting point for calibration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the EU-sponsored project NANOSH B50% of 41 monitored activities with nanopowders were related to transfer of the nanoparticles, such as bagging (12%), bag emptying (20%), and pouring or scooping of small amounts (20%; Van Duuren-Stuurman, 2009). At the time of writing, few other studies of workplace exposure to manufactured nanoparticles have been published (Brouwer et al, 2009;Brouwer, 2010;Seaton et al, 2010). Ten papers were identified that reported on exposure during the production of manufactured nanoparticles, of which five were on a commercial scale.…”

Section: Source Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manufactured nanoparticles emitted before harvesting may coagulate rapidly during the transport to the receptor and manufactured nanopowders have a tendency to agglomerate (Luther, 2004;Ma-Hock et al, 2007;Seipenbusch et al, 2008;Brouwer et al, 2009;Schneider and Jensen, 2009). The conceptual nano-model must thus take into account…”

Section: Coagulation and Scavengingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nanomaterials do not seem special in view of scale. The NANOSH data set (Brouwer et al, 2009) for handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders showed for commercial scale on average a 600-fold higher use rate compared with non-commercial or bench scale use (B. Van Duuren-Stuurman, personal communication).…”

Section: Activity Emission Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Conceptual model for assessment of inhalation exposure to manufactured nanoparticles

Schneider

Brouwer²,

Koponen

et al. 2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

Self Cite

105

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As workplace air measurements of manufactured nanoparticles are relatively expensive to conduct, models can be helpful for a first tier assessment of exposure. A conceptual model was developed to give a framework for such models. The basis for the model is an analysis of the fate and underlying mechanisms of nanoparticles emitted by a source during transport to a receptor. Four source domains are distinguished; that is, production, handling of bulk product, dispersion of ready-to-use nanoproducts, fracturing and abrasion of end products. These domains represent different generation mechanisms that determine particle emission characteristics; for example, emission rate, particle size distribution, and source location. During transport, homogeneous coagulation, scavenging, and surface deposition will determine the fate of the particles and cause changes in both particle size distributions and number concentrations. The degree of impact of these processes will be determined by a variety of factors including the concentration and size mode of the emitted nanoparticles and background aerosols, source to receptor distance, and ventilation characteristics. The second part of the paper focuses on to what extent the conceptual model could be fit into an existing mechanistic predictive model for ''conventional'' exposures. The model should be seen as a framework for characterization of exposure to (manufactured) nanoparticles and future exposure modeling.

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Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles

Hygiene¹

2015

Exposure Assessment and Safety Considerations for Working With Engineered Nanoparticles

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From workplace air measurement results toward estimates of exposure? Development of a strategy to assess exposure to manufactured nano-objects

Cited by 119 publications

References 26 publications

Emerging patterns for engineered nanomaterials in the environment: a review of fate and toxicity studies

Emerging patterns for engineered nanomaterials in the environment: a review of fate and toxicity studies

Conceptual model for assessment of inhalation exposure to manufactured nanoparticles

Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles

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