Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades

Abstract

The frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC) are thought to form two parallel systems for generating saccadic eye movements. The SC is thought classically to mediate reflex-like orienting movements. Thus it can be hypothesized that the FEF exerts a higher level control on a visual grasp reflex. To test this hypothesis we have studied the saccades of patients who have had discrete unilateral removals of frontal lobe tissue for the relief of intractable epilepsy. The responses of these patients were compared to those of normal subjects and patients with unilateral temporal lobe removals. Two tasks were used. In the first task the subject was instructed to look in the direction of a visual cue that appeared unexpectedly 12 degrees to the left or right of a central fixation point (FP), in order to identify a patterned target that appeared 200 ms or more later. In the second "anti-saccade" task the subject was required to look not at the location of the cue but in the opposite direction, an equal distance from FP where after 200 ms or more the patterned target appeared. Three major observations have emerged from the present study. Most frontal patients, with lesions involving both the dorsolateral and mesial cortex had long term difficulties in suppressing disallowed glances to visual stimuli that suddenly appeared in peripheral vision. In such patients, saccades that were eventually directed away from the cue and towards the target were nearly always triggered by the appearance of the target itself irrespective of whether or not the "anti-saccade" was preceded by a disallowed glance. Those eye movements away from the cue were only rarely generated spontaneously across the blank screen during the cue-target time interval. The latency of these visually-triggered saccades was very short (80-140 ms) compared to that of the correct saccades (170-200 ms) to the cue when the cue and target were on the same side, thereby suggesting that the structures removed in these patients normally trigger saccades after considerable computations have already been performed. The results support the view that the frontal lobes, particularly the dorsolateral region which contains the FEF and possibly the supplementary motor area contribute to the generation of complex saccadic eye-movement behaviour. More specifically, they appear to aid in suppressing unwanted reflex-like oculomotor activity and in triggering the appropriate volitional movements when the goal for the movement is known but not yet visible.

How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades

“…'EF also projects to the SC, which contains a motor error map for saccade generation (Lee et al, 1988). Lesions of the FEF result in a reduced ability to suppress reflexive glances to flashed targets (Guitton et al, 1985), suggesting the importance of the FEF for foveating physically weak but motivationally salient targets in the presence of salient distractors. Also, FEF lesions impair saccades to remembered targets (Deng et al, 1986;Pierrot-Deseilligny et al, 1993).…”

Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect

“…Patients with frontal damage are impaired in orienting attention in response to central informative cues [153], as well as in executing antisaccades (i.e. saccades toward the direction opposite to an abrupt-onset target [154]). Furthermore, a functional MRI study [155], employing the Posner RT paradigm to identify the brain areas involved in exogenous and endogenous orienting, demonstrated largely overlapping activations in the parietal and dorsal premotor regions for both modes of orienting, except for an activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46), that was exclusive to the endogenous condition.…”

Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model

“…In particular, PFC has been implicated in working memory (D'Esposito et al 1995;Goldman-Rakic 1995), response generation (Frith et al 1991), planning (e.g., Shallice and Burgess 1991) and suppression of reflex responses (e.g. Guitton et al 1985), whereas AC has been linked with executive attention (Posner and Petersen 1990), detection of erroneous responding (e.g., Dehaene et al 1994), oculomotor response inhibition (Gaymard et al 1996), and overcoming habitual responses (e.g., Crawford et al 1996).…”