Frost heaving of forest tree seedlings: a review

Goulet, France

doi:10.1007/bf00028927

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In mineral soils, frost heave was more common in fine textured soils than in other soil types, which is also widely reported in similar studies (de Chantal et al 2006, reviews by Goulet 1995Goulet , Örlander et al 1990). Depending on weather conditions, frost heave can also occur in more coarsely textured soil (Örlander et al 1990), as was the case in our study.…”

Section: Effect Of Soil and Site Typesupporting

confidence: 62%

Machine planting of Norway spruce by Bracke and Ecoplanter: an evaluation of soil preparation, planting method and seedling performance

Luoranen¹,

Rikala²,

Smolander³

2011

Silva Fenn.

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We evaluated the effects of planting date and planting machine (Bracke: three machines, 69 regeneration areas in three years; Ecoplanter: six areas, two years) on the quality and field performance one and three years after planting of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings in central Finland. Both machine types planted on average 1800 seedlings per hectare, and after three years approximately 1600 (Bracke) and 1200 (Ecoplanter) were still alive. This study suggests that planting with a Bracke machine can achieve better regeneration rates than those observed in privately-owned Finnish forests. We characterized the quality of mounding and planting with the Bracke machine as excellent and that of the Ecoplanter as good. The soil preparation method of the Ecoplanter produced humus-rich mounds where seedlings were susceptible to pine weevils and consequently suffered higher mortality. Different machines were used in different regional areas and each machine was operated by different driver/s which may have influenced the results. No negative effects of planting date were observed. Seedling growth decreased if they were tall in relation to their root plug volume, grown too densely in the nursery, and if stored in the field for several months prior to planting. We conclude that mechanized planting is successful when the soil preparation method produces mounds covered by purely mineral soil. Planting from May to the end of September is suitable for seedlings intended for use during this period.

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Section: Effect Of Soil and Site Typesupporting

confidence: 62%

Machine planting of Norway spruce by Bracke and Ecoplanter: an evaluation of soil preparation, planting method and seedling performance

Luoranen¹,

Rikala²,

Smolander³

2011

Silva Fenn.

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“…Although we were not able to identify the actual causes of first winter mortality in the current study, it is likely that several seedlings were lost due to frost heaving (Goulet 1995). The risk of frost heaving may be especially high after deep soil scarification on fine-textured soil, and even more so on scarified clear-cuts where no residual trees are left to reduce the frequency of repeated freeze-thaw cycles (de Chantal et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Germination and seedling establishment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) after clear-cutting is affected by timing of soil scarification

et al. 2017

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Natural regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is a relatively common practice in Norway on medium to low site indices. However, seedling establishment is often hampered by rapid regrowth of competing vegetation in scarified patches. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of coordinating scarification towards an expected seed-fall, by studying germination and seedling establishment in scarified patches of different age (fresh, one-and two-year-old). The experiment was conducted in two stands in southeast Norway that were clear-cut in 2007. Scarification was applied to subplots in autumn 2008-2010. To simulate seed-fall, seeds were sown in fresh scarification patches in spring 2009-2011, in one-year-old patches in 2010 and 2011, and in twoyear-old patches in 2011. Both germination and seedling survival were negatively affected by the age of the scarified patches. Germination was higher, and mortality lower, at the small fern woodland site, compared with the bilberry woodland site. Sowing in fresh patches also resulted in increased height and root collar diameter of the seedlings compared with sowing in older patches. It is likely that the competing vegetation both on the site and in the scarification patches affected the growth of the seedlings. In conclusion, the age of the scarified patches affected both germination and mortality, as well as early growth of the seedlings.

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“…Each spring and autumn, many seedlings are damaged by frost heaving in the boreal and temperate forests (Goulet 1995, Sahlén and Goulet 2002, de Chantal et al 2003a, 2007. Frost heaving occurs due to ice crystals growing from below and upwards, forming needle ice at the soil surface (Goulet 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frost heaving occurs due to ice crystals growing from below and upwards, forming needle ice at the soil surface (Goulet 1995). This occurs when near-ground air temperature is a few degrees below the freezing point and there is a constant supply of water to the freezing surface, which is often the case when there is a thin or no snow cover on the ground (Goulet 1995, Bergsten et al 2001. During frost heaving of soil, seedlings may be totally or partly uplifted from the ground; their roots may be broken in the process, which leaves them susceptible to desiccation and prone to reduced growth in subsequent years (Goulet 1995, de Chantal et al 2003a, 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frost heaving of Picea abies seedlings as influenced by soil preparation, planting technique, and location along gap-shelterwood gradients

Chantal¹,

Rita²,

Bergsten³

et al. 2009

Silva Fenn.

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Grip, H. 2009. Frost heaving ofPicea abies seedlings as influenced by soil preparation, planting technique, and location along gap-shelterwood gradients. Silva Fennica 43(1): 39-50.The effects of soil preparation, planting technique and location along gap-shelterwood gradients (position and orientation) on frost heaving damage to seedlings were studied in Vindeln Experimental Forests, northern Sweden. The forest was harvested in a grid pattern in winter 2004-2005, forming gaps and shelterwood areas of 30 × 40 m each. Gap-shelterwood gradients were delimited in four orientations and subdivided into five positions: 7 m and 15 m into the gap and shelterwood, and at the gap edge. At each position, three replicates of three soil preparations were made: exposed E and B horizons and HuMinMix (milled vegetation and humus layers mixed with surface mineral soil). In early October 2005, one-year-old containerized Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings were planted using four techniques: normal and deep planting, and mobile and fixed experimental containers. After one winter, frost heaving damage was highest for seedlings on B horizon combined with the mobile container (51 ± 6%) and normal planting (43 ± 6%). Normal-or deep-planted seedlings in HuMinMix had the least damage (5-6.6 ± 2.5%). Compared to normal planting, deep planting reduced frost heaving damage only on B horizon. When considering the orientation, seedlings in the experimental containers had more or similar frost heaving damage than normal-or deepplanted seedlings. Along the eastern gradient, seedlings incurred more frost heaving damage in the center of the gap than under the canopy.

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Frost heaving of forest tree seedlings: a review

Cited by 63 publications

References 70 publications

Machine planting of Norway spruce by Bracke and Ecoplanter: an evaluation of soil preparation, planting method and seedling performance

Machine planting of Norway spruce by Bracke and Ecoplanter: an evaluation of soil preparation, planting method and seedling performance

Germination and seedling establishment of Norway spruce (Picea abies) after clear-cutting is affected by timing of soil scarification

Frost heaving of Picea abies seedlings as influenced by soil preparation, planting technique, and location along gap-shelterwood gradients

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