Frozen-in viscoelasticity for novel beam expanders and high-power connectors

Yablon, A.D.; Yan, M. F.; DiGiovanni, D. J.; Lines, M. E.; Jones, S.L.; Ridgway, D.N.; Sandels, G.A.; White, I.A.; Wisk, P.; DiMarcello, F.; Monberg, Eric M.; Jasapara, J.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2003.822161

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Modulating the heat or applied tension can create rapid axial variations in the index profile, which can yield optical fiber devices such as mode transformers and beam expanders. 21 The index profile of an annealed fiber can be restored to its as-drawn state by cooling it down in an oven while under tension comparable to the original draw tension. The ability to change the index profile by changing the fiber tension while keeping the cooling rate constant shows that the index perturbations do not result from differences in fictive temperature associated with cooling rate.…”

Section: Refractive Index Perturbations In Optical Fibers Resulting Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Yablon¹,

Yan²,

Wisk³

et al. 2004

Applied Physics Letters

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Note: Automatic laser-to-optical-fiber coupling system based on monitoring of Raman scattering signal Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 096104 (2012) Octagonal silica toroidal microcavity for controlled optical coupling Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 121101 (2012) Apodized focusing subwavelength grating couplers for suspended membrane waveguides Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101104 (2012) Modulated heterodyne light scattering set-up for measuring long relaxation time at small and wide angle Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 083102 (2012) A polymer-based surface grating coupler with an embedded Si3N4 layer

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Section: Refractive Index Perturbations In Optical Fibers Resulting Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Yablon¹,

Yan²,

Wisk³

et al. 2004

Applied Physics Letters

Self Cite

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“…According to theory and experimental results, frozen-in stress (strain) will be released when a fiber is annealed close to its fictive temperature. Using spectral interferometry it was shown that after annealing, the diameter of the fiber decreased by 200 nm resulting in potential refractive index changes in excess of 0.02 % [ 46 , 75 ]. In one case, a very short (a few seconds) annealing at 1400 °C of a short piece of optical fiber resulted in a large change in the refractive index [ 75 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing

Grobnic

Hnatovsky

Dedyulin

et al. 2021

Sensors

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High-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are the main competitors to thermocouples as sensors in applications for high temperature environments defined as being in the 600–1200°C temperature range. Due to their small size, capacity to be multiplexed into high density distributed sensor arrays and survivability in extreme ambient temperatures, they could provide the essential sensing support that is needed in high temperature processes. While capable of providing reliable sensing information in the short term, their long-term functionality is affected by the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength or resonance that is used to derive the temperature. A number of physical processes have been proposed as the cause of the high temperature wavelength drift but there is yet no credible description of this process. In this paper we review the literature related to the long-term wavelength drift of FBGs at high temperature and provide our recent results of more than 4000 h of high temperature testing in the 900 –1000°C range. We identify the major components of the high temperature wavelength drift and we propose mechanisms that could be causing them.

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“…Admittedly, the Δn change may be attributed to residual elastic stresses from the drawing process, but the measured RI change is one order of magnitude larger than the stress-induced RI change in the Yb 3+ /Al 3+ / P 5+ -co-doped silica fibers with a P/Al ratio of 1. [12][13][14] Some speculate that this behavior is associated with a slight change in the glass structure network during the fiber-drawing process. However, an intimate and direct connection of the thermally induced physical behavior with the static and dynamic structural picture of the glasses, and a comparison between the core and the cladding glasses, are still lacking but are required.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural origin of thermally induced refractive index changes in Yb³⁺/Al³⁺/P⁵⁺/F⁻‐co‐doped silica glass

et al. 2021

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Yb 3+ -doped silica fiber has been an ideal gain medium in high-energy and high-power fiber laser applications. 1,2 The extreme increase in power density in the core leads to a strong nonlinear effect and even damage the fiber end facets in the conventional double-clad fibers. 3,4 To avoid these harmful effects, large-mode-area (LMA) designs have been performed owing to their large core diameter and effective mode area. 5,6 To maintain the single-mode operation, the refractive

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Frozen-in viscoelasticity for novel beam expanders and high-power connectors

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing

Structural origin of thermally induced refractive index changes in Yb³⁺/Al³⁺/P⁵⁺/F⁻‐co‐doped silica glass

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Frozen-in viscoelasticity for novel beam expanders and high-power connectors

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Refractive index perturbations in optical fibers resulting from frozen-in viscoelasticity

Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing

Structural origin of thermally induced refractive index changes in Yb3+/Al3+/P5+/F−‐co‐doped silica glass

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Structural origin of thermally induced refractive index changes in Yb³⁺/Al³⁺/P⁵⁺/F⁻‐co‐doped silica glass