Fructooligosaccharides and Fiber Partially Prevent the Alterations in Fecal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations Caused by Standard Enteral Formula in Healthy Humans

Whelan, Kevin; Judd, Patricia A.; Preedy, Victor R.; Simmering, Rainer; Jann, Alfred; Taylor, Moira A.

doi:10.1093/jn/135.8.1896

Cited by 96 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In addition, pregnant mothers in our study had a diet higher in fiber content as a result of dietary counseling in the well-women clinics (14), and this may have provided a greater source of nutrition for the lower gut microbiota, thus promoting a specific microbiota composition depending on the source of the fiber (13,(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women

Collado

Isolauri

Laitinen

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

760

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Background:Results of experimental studies suggest that deviations in gut microbiota composition predispose to excessive energy storage and obesity. The mother influences the original inoculum and the development of infant microbiota, which in turn is associated with later weight gain. Objective: We characterized the gut microbiota in women according to their body mass index (BMI) and the effect of weight gain over pregnancy on the composition of microbiota before delivery. Design: Overweight women (n ҃ 18) were selected according to their prepregnancy BMI from a prospective follow-up study. Normal-weight women (n ҃ 36) were selected as controls in consecutive order of recruitment. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy was defined as 16.0 kg for normal-weight and 11.5 kg for overweight states according to Institute of Medicine recommendations. The composition of gut microbiota was analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry (FCM-FISH) and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Bacteroides and Staphylococcus were significantly higher in the overweight state than in normal-weight women as assessed by FCM-FISH and qPCR. Mother's weight and BMI before pregnancy correlated with higher concentrations of Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Staphylococcus. Microbial counts increased from the first to third trimester of pregnancy. High Bacteroides concentrations were associated with excessive weight gain over pregnancy (P ҃ 0.014). Conclusions: Gut microbiota composition and weight are linked, and mother's weight gain is affected by microbiota. Microbiota modification before and during pregnancy may offer new directions for preventive and therapeutic applications in reducing the risk of overweight and obesity.Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:894 -9.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women

Collado

Isolauri

Laitinen

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

760

600

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“…Prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients, such as celluloses, fibers, and other oligosaccharides, such as resistant starch, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and xylooligosaccharides (XOS), which beneficially affect the host by modulating the intestinal microbiota (4,(37)(38)(39)(40). Certain dietary constituents, for example, resistant starch, are known to increase the bacterial production of butyrate in the large intestine, which is generally regarded as having a beneficial effect (41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Enhanced Butyrate Production by Colonic Butyrate-Producing Bacteria to Immunomodulatory Effects in Normal Mice Fed an Insoluble Fraction of Brassica rapa L

Tanaka

Yamamoto

Yamada

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Japan bThis study was performed to determine the effects of feeding a fiber-rich fraction of Brassica vegetables on the immune response through changes in enteric bacteria and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in normal mice. The boiled-water-insoluble fraction of Brassica rapa L. (nozawana), which consists mainly of dietary fiber, was chosen as a test material. A total of 31 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups and housed in a specific-pathogen-free facility. The animals were fed either a control diet or the control diet plus the insoluble B. rapa L. fraction for 2 weeks and sacrificed to determine microbiological and SCFA profiles in lower-gut samples and immunological molecules. rRNA-based quantification indicated that the relative population of Bacteroidetes was markedly lower in the colon samples of the insoluble B. rapa L. fraction-fed group than that in the controls. Populations of the Eubacterium rectale group and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, both of which are representative butyrateproducing bacteria, doubled after 2 weeks of fraction intake, accompanying a marginal increase in the proportion of colonic butyrate. In addition, feeding with the fraction significantly increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tended to increase splenic regulatory T cell numbers but significantly reduced the population of cells expressing activation markers. We demonstrated that inclusion of the boiled-water-insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. can alter the composition of the gut microbiota to decrease the numbers of Bacteroidetes and to increase the numbers of butyrate-producing bacteria, either of which may be involved in the observed shift in the production of splenic IL-10.A nimals coexist with microbial symbionts that act as an integral component of the host's physiology in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (1). The vast majority of GI bacteria are strict anaerobes that derive energy from fermentation, by which indigestible complex carbohydrates (cellulose, pectin, gums, beta-glucan, and lignin) are converted to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, as terminal electron acceptors (2-4). As each member of the GI microbiota has its own preferences for different energy sources (5, 6), the profile of dominant species in the human gut microbiota can potentially be modified by the types of dietary carbohydrate in the diet.Among the SCFAs, butyrate acts as a primarily effective molecule on physiological regulatory systems of the host gut and as an energy source for the colonic epithelium of the host. There has long been interest in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate on colonic epithelial cells (7-9). The production of butyrate in the GI tract is supported by specific groups of bacteria, i.e., butyrate producers, which are considered to play important roles in the maintenance of gut health (10, 11). The main human colonic butyrate producers belong to two groups of Gram-positive firmicutes: Faecalibacterium prausn...

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“…This alteration was inversely associated with baseline Bifidobacteria concentration, such that those with higher baseline concentration exhibited a greater reduction in abundance. This was a novel finding, and the reverse of that demonstrated in prebiotic supplementation studies (117) . There were no differences in total bacteria or other bacteria such as Lactobacillus or F. prausnitzii or fermentation by-products such as stool SCFA concentrations or stool pH between groups.…”

Section: The Low Fodmap Diet and The Gastrointestinal Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 62%

Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet

Staudacher

Whelan

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterised by abdominal pain or discomfort with disordered defecation. This review describes the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBS and how dietary strategies to manage symptoms impact on the microbial community. Evidence suggests a dysbiosis of the luminal and mucosal colonic microbiota in IBS, frequently characterised by a reduction in species of Bifidobacteria which has been associated with worse symptom profile. Probiotic supplementation trials suggest intentional modulation of the GI microbiota may be effective in treating IBS. A smaller number of prebiotic supplementation studies have also demonstrated effectiveness in IBS whilst increasing Bifidobacteria. In contrast, a novel method of managing IBS symptoms is the restriction of short-chain fermentable carbohydrates (low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet). Studies consistently demonstrate clinical effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in patients with IBS. However, one unintentional consequence of this dietary intervention is its impact on the microbiota. This leads to an interesting paradox; namely, increasing luminal Bifidobacteria through probiotic supplementation is associated with a reduction in IBS symptoms while in direct conflict to this, the low FODMAP diet has clinical efficacy but markedly reduces luminal Bifidobacteria concentration. Given the multifactorial aetiology of IBS, the heterogeneity of symptoms and the complex and diverse nature of the microbiome, it is probable that both interventions are effective in patient subgroups. However combination treatment has never been explored and as such, presents an exciting opportunity for optimising clinical management, whilst preventing potentially deleterious effects on the GI microbiota. Irritable bowel syndrome: Prebiotic: Probiotic: FODMAP Irritable bowel syndromeFunctional bowel disorders are characterised by chronic lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in the absence of alarm features that suggest presence of other disease (1,2) . The criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most common functional bowel disorders, requires the presence of abdominal pain or discomfort together with an alteration in stool output (1) . IBS is a common condition worldwide, contributes up to 30 % of gastroenterology consultations in the UK (3) , affects more females than males and is more prevalent in those under 40 years of age (4) . A pooled prevalence of IBS in 14 % of females and 9 % of males has been reported in a large systematic review and meta-analysis of fifty-five studies conducted across America, Asia, Europe and Africa (4) .Four different IBS subtypes exist based on predominant stool form, and each may differ in their aetiology.

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Fructooligosaccharides and Fiber Partially Prevent the Alterations in Fecal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations Caused by Standard Enteral Formula in Healthy Humans

Cited by 96 publications

References 47 publications

Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women

Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women

Relationship of Enhanced Butyrate Production by Colonic Butyrate-Producing Bacteria to Immunomodulatory Effects in Normal Mice Fed an Insoluble Fraction of Brassica rapa L

Altered gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome and its modification by diet: probiotics, prebiotics and the low FODMAP diet

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