Fructose sensitizes Jurkat cells oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis via caspase‐dependent and caspase‐independent mechanisms

Abstract

Whether fructose (FRU), as the sole energy source, confers a metabolic advantage on cancer cells against noxious stimuli is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low (11 mM), moderate (25 mM), and high (55 mM) FRU concentrations alone or in combination with rotenone (ROT) or doxorubicin (DOX) in Jurkat cells, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell model. Glucose (GLU) was used as a control. Using different cell analysis techniques, we demonstrated that FRU was predominantly metabolized via oxidative phosphorylation (∼95%) (i.e., lactate production was reduced >120-fold), resulting in endogenous oxidative stress-induced conditions. The cells were characterized by generation of O (43%)/ H O (40%) and activation of NF-κB (∼95-fold increase, fi), c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK), p53 (40-fi), and c-Jun (9-fi). In addition, we observed a loss of ΔΨ (10%), activation of caspase-3 (50-fi) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF, 2-fi), and condensation and fragmentation of the nuclei [20% by acridine orange/ethidium bromide/Hoechst (AO/EB/H) staining, 15% by flow cytometry] compared to those of GLU 11 at 24 h. Although DOX killed Jurkat cells independent of sugar content in the culture medium, leukemic cells in low, but not high, FRU were extremely sensitive to ROT. Taken together, our findings suggest that Jurkat cells are more susceptible to cell death if forced to shift from GLU metabolism (i.e., aerobic glycolysis) to FRU metabolism (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation) after treatment with mitochondria-targeting molecules. These observations may help elucidate the cell death mechanism of leukemic cells cultured in FRU.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Antrodia cinnamomea: The Modulation of Oxidative Stress Signaling in a Mouse Model of Alcohol‐Induced Acute Liver Injury

“…This is especially the case when the liver has lower levels of antioxidant protection to cope with the generation of ROS [44], which react with macromolecules including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, and the components of cellular membranes [45]. NO, another factor that is involved in oxidative stress, induces the formation of hydroxyl radicals, which are involved in alcohol-induced liver damage [46].…”

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Boletus aereus protects against acute alcohol-induced liver damage in the C57BL/6 mouse via regulating the oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB pathway

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