Fruit Spray of 24-Epibrassinolide and Fruit Shade Alter Pericarp Photosynthesis Activity and Seed Lipid Accumulation in Styrax tonkinensis

Zhang, Zihan; Luo, Ying; Wang, Xiaojun; Yu, Fangyuan

doi:10.1007/s00344-017-9769-4

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…To study development of S. tonkinensis kernels, Zhang et al [15] collected samples from 30 to 140 days after flowering (DAF) for analyses of morphometric indicators (longitudinal sections, weight and water content), nutritional components (oil, soluble sugar, starch, free amino-acid and soluble protein) and related enzyme activities. The dynamic pattern of oil accumulation in developing S. tonkinensis seed kernels has also been analyzed [15][16][17]. However, little is known about the molecular regulatory mechanism of oil accumulation in this species, and no RNA-seq datasets of any sort are available for any member of the Styracaceae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of metabolic pathways associated with oil accumulation in developing seed kernels of Styrax tonkinensis, a woody biodiesel species

Cao

Chen

et al. 2020

BMC Plant Biol

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Background: Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich has great potential as a woody biodiesel species having seed kernels with high oil content, excellent fatty acid composition and good fuel properties. However, no transcriptome information is available on the molecular regulatory mechanism of oil accumulation in developing S. tonkinensis kernels. Results: The dynamic patterns of oil content and fatty acid composition at 11 time points from 50 to 150 days after flowering (DAF) were analyzed. The percent oil content showed an up-down-up pattern, with yield and degree of unsaturation peaking on or after 140 DAF. Four time points (50, 70, 100, and 130 DAF) were selected for Illumina transcriptome sequencing. Approximately 73 million high quality clean reads were generated, and then assembled into 168,207 unigenes with a mean length of 854 bp. There were 5916 genes that were differentially expressed between different time points. These differentially expressed genes were grouped into 9 clusters based on their expression patterns. Expression patterns of a subset of 12 unigenes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Based on their functional annotation through the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and publicly available protein databases, specific unigenes encoding key enzymes, transmembrane transporters, and transcription factors associated with oil accumulation were determined. Three main patterns of expression were evident. Most unigenes peaked at 70 DAF, coincident with a rapid increase in oil content during kernel development. Unigenes with high expression at 50 DAF were associated with plastid formation and earlier stages of oil synthesis, including pyruvate and acetyl-CoA formation. Unigenes associated with triacylglycerol biosynthesis and oil body development peaked at 100 or 130 DAF.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of metabolic pathways associated with oil accumulation in developing seed kernels of Styrax tonkinensis, a woody biodiesel species

Cao

Chen

et al. 2020

BMC Plant Biol

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“…Fruit can be divided into two broad categories based on the shape (water content) of the pericarp. The first category, fleshy fruit, is characterized by the development of the pericarp and accessory parts into succulent tissues, as in benzoin (Zhang et al, 2018a). The second category is dry fruit, in which the entire pericarp becomes dry at maturity (Pabon-Mora & Litt, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also have other functions such as providing chemical and mechanical protection as well as defining final seed size and shape (Francoz, Lepiniec & North, 2018; Li et al, 2018b). Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich, widely distributed in the south provinces in China, has great potential as a biodiesel species as it has a seed kernel with high oil content (nearly 60%), excellent fatty acid (FA) composition (high oleic and linoleic acid contents), and good fuel properties which satisfies the biodiesel standards of China (GB/T 20828), the European Union (EN 14214), Germany (DIN V51606), and the USA (ASTM D6751) (Zhang et al, 2018a; Wu et al, 2019). Its pericarp and seed coat stay green for up to 5 months during reproductive development, while the kernel turns milky-white and enlarges considerably and the kernel oil content showed an up-down-up trend with high contents (Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2019

PeerJ

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BackgroundStyrax tonkinensis is a great potential biofuel as the species contains seeds with a particularly high oil content. Understanding the nutrient distribution in different parts of the fruit is imperative for the development and enhancement of S. tonkinensis as a biodiesel feedstock.MethodsFrom 30 to 140 days after flowering (DAF), the development of S. tonkinensis fruit was tracked. The morphology change, nutrient content, and activity of associated enzymes in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel were analyzed.ResultsBetween 30 and 70 DAF, the main locus of dry matter deposition shifted from the seed coat to the kernel. The water content within the pericarp remained high throughout development, but at the end (130 DAF later) decreased rapidly. The water content within both the seed coat and the kernel consistently declined over the course of the fruit development (30–110 DAF). Between 70 and 80 DAF, the deposition centers for sugar, starch, protein, potassium, and magnesium was transferred to the kernel from either the pericarp or the seed coat. The calcium deposition center was transferred first from pericarp to the seed coat and then to the kernel before it was returned to the pericarp. The sucrose to hexose ratio in the seed coat increased between 30 and 80 DAF, correlating with the accumulation of total soluble sugar, starch, and protein. In the pericarp, the sucrose to hexose ratio peaked at 40 and 100 DAF, correlating with the reserve deposition in the following 20–30 days. After 30 DAF, the chlorophyll concentration of both the pericarp and the seed coat dropped. The maternal unit (the pericarp and the seed coat) in fruit showed a significant positive linear relationship between chlorophyll b/a and the concentration of total soluble sugar. The potassium content had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.673, p = 0.0164), oil (ρ = 0.915, p = 0.000203), and protein content (ρ = 0.814, p = 0.00128), respectively. The concentration of magnesium had significant positive correlation with starch (ρ = 0.705, p = 0.0104), oil (ρ = 0.913, p = 0.000228), and protein content (ρ = 0.896, p = 0.0000786), respectively. Calcium content had a significant correlation with soluble sugar content (ρ = 0.585, p = 0.0457).ConclusionsDuring the fruit development of S. tonkinensis, the maternal unit, that is, the pericarp and seed coat, may act a nutrient buffer storage area between the mother tree and the kernel. The stage of 70–80 DAF is an important time in the nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel. Our results described the metabolic dynamics of the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel and the contribution that a seed with high oil content offers to biofuel.

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“…Distributed in Vietnam, Laos, and the southern provinces of China, benzoin (Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich) is now a renewable biofuel feedstock that may be used to address the worldwide food and energy crisis [1,2]. As such, benzoin oilseed has attracted the scientific interest of Chinese researchers [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The kernel lipid content of oilseed species varies greatly from 30 to 75% w/w [9], which is dependent on the TAG accumulation in oil bodies at the metabolic level [5,10]. In general, studies on developing seeds have indicated that acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activities are associated with 2 of 16 lipid synthesis and these enzymes may catalyze a rate-limiting reaction in fatty acids and TAGs bioassembly [3,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Spatiotemporal Oil Body Ultrastructure Helps to Verify the Distinct Lipid Deposition Patterns in Benzoin Endosperm and Embryo Cells

Zhang

Luo

Wang

et al. 2018

Forests

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Seed oil content is an important characteristic for the potential biofuel feedstock benzoin (Styrax tonkinensis). With the aim of further understanding benzoin lipid biosynthesis, the endosperm and embryo cell ultrastructures were acquired through transmission electron microscopy (TEM); the relative oil body area per cell (ROA) and oil body diameter (OBD) were then calculated by analyzing TEM images via computer software. The endosperm ROA peaked at 99 days after flowering (DAF) (79.04%), and the embryo ROA dynamic fitted the "S" curve. Significant linear relations (p < 0.01) were only observed between endosperm ROAs and the contents of whole-kernel crude lipid and fatty acids. The endosperm OBD (1.18-2.43 µm) was larger than that of embryo OBD (0.38-0.77 µm). M-shaped dynamics of acetyl coenzyme carboxylase (ACC) and diglyceride acyltransferase (DGAT) activities resembled the dynamic of endosperm OBD, as two peaks were observed at 78 and 113 DAF; the big oil body (≥1.8 µm) fraction in endosperm increased as kernel ACC and DGAT activities also increased, and vice-versa. Embryo OBD gradually increased, with the big oil body (≥0.5 µm) proportion increasing and the small oil body (<0.5 µm) proportion decreasing in general. Our results collectively suggested the distinct lipid accumulation patterns in the two benzoin kernel tissues, and revealed that the endosperm may determine the whole kernel oil biosynthetic process.

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Fruit Spray of 24-Epibrassinolide and Fruit Shade Alter Pericarp Photosynthesis Activity and Seed Lipid Accumulation in Styrax tonkinensis

Cited by 21 publications

References 44 publications

Transcriptome analysis of metabolic pathways associated with oil accumulation in developing seed kernels of Styrax tonkinensis, a woody biodiesel species

Transcriptome analysis of metabolic pathways associated with oil accumulation in developing seed kernels of Styrax tonkinensis, a woody biodiesel species

The nutrient distribution in the continuum of the pericarp, seed coat, and kernel during Styrax tonkinensis fruit development

Quantitative Spatiotemporal Oil Body Ultrastructure Helps to Verify the Distinct Lipid Deposition Patterns in Benzoin Endosperm and Embryo Cells

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