Frustrated tunneling ionization during laser-induced D<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>fragmentation: Detection of excited metastable D<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mo>*</mml:mo></mml:msup></mml:math>atoms

McKenna, J. A.; Zeng, Shuo; Hua, J. J.; Sayler, A. M.; Zohrabi, M.; Johnson, Nora G.; Gaire, B.; Carnes, K.D.; Esry, B. D.; Ben‐Itzhak, I.

doi:10.1103/physreva.84.043425

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This observation has been explained by a deacceleration of the electron over many laser cycles and a recapturing of the electron once the laser pulse ceases. While frustrated ionization has first been observed for a single ionization of atoms [5], similar effects have recently been reported for the dissociation of molecules [43][44][45] and the nonsequential double ionization of atoms [46].…”

Section: Excited-state Population In Ultrashort Laser Pulsessupporting

confidence: 63%

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Chen

Gao

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. A

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We apply a numerical-basis-state method to study dynamical processes in the interaction of atoms with strong laser pulses. The method is based on the numerical representation of finite-space energy eigenstates of the field-free atomic Hamiltonian in a box on a grid and the expansion of the solution of the full time-dependent Schrödinger equation, including the interaction with the field, in this numerical basis. We apply the method to the hydrogen atom and present results for excitation and ionization probabilities as well as photoelectron momentum distributions. Convergence of the results with respect to the size of the basis as well as the parallel efficiency of the numerical algorithm is studied. The results of the numerical-basis-state method are in good agreement with those of two-dimensional numerical grid calculations. The computation times for the numerical-basis-state method usually are found to be significantly smaller than those for the two-dimensional grid calculations, whereas, even higher excited states can be well represented. We further apply this method to study a few recently reported phenomena related to strong-field excitation of atoms, such as the dependence of the excitation probabilities on the carrier-envelope phase in ultrashort pulses as well as the so-called frustrated ionization.

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Section: Excited-state Population In Ultrashort Laser Pulsessupporting

confidence: 63%

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Chen

Gao

et al. 2012

Phys. Rev. A

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“…Rather, previous experimental work for H 2 [23] and D 2 [24], simulations for D + 3 [35,36], as well as evidence that we gather here, would suggest that the mechanism instead involves FTI. What is truly remarkable though, is the large amplitude of the process.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms For the High-ker Featurementioning

confidence: 44%

“…If the production mechanism for the high-KER D + + D + + D fragments does involve FTI, then one would expect this channel to bear many of the signatures of the D + + D + + D + channel in addition to an almost-matching KER spectrum, as observed for D 2 [24]. To determine whether our expectation is true, we look at the energy (or momentum) sharing of the KER between the different fragments.…”

Section: Similarity Of Fti and Double Ionization Featuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Frustrated tunnelling ionization during strong-field fragmentation of D₃⁺

et al. 2012

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We reveal surprisingly high kinetic energy release in the intense-field fragmentation of D + 3 to D + + D + + D with 10 16 W cm −2 , 790 nm, 40 fs (and 7 fs) laser pulses. This feature strongly mimics the behaviour of the D + + D + + D + channel. From the experimental evidence, we conclude that the origin of the feature is due to frustrated tunnelling ionization, the first observation of this mechanism in a polyatomic system. Furthermore, we unravel evidence of frustrated tunnelling ionization in dissociation, both two-body breakup to D + D + 2 and D + + D 2 , and three-body breakup to D + + D + D. Gesellschaft processes involving either elastic scattering [6][7][8], inelastic scattering [9, 10], or electron-ion recombination [11]. These phenomena have led to the birth of new areas of research such as high-harmonic generation and attosecond science [12][13][14][15], laser-driven electron diffraction imaging [5][6][7][8], molecular orbital tomography [16,17] and electron wavepacket probing of molecular dynamics [18-21]-naming only a few.Related to the electron recollision process, recently Nubbemeyer et al [22] reported a new phenomenon dubbed frustrated tunnelling ionization (FTI). Demonstrated originally in strong-field ionization of helium, Nubbemeyer et al showed that an electron wavepacket that starts to tunnel away from the core in an intense laser field, but fails to acquire sufficient drift momentum to escape the attractive potential of the remaining He + ion, can be captured into an excited Rydberg orbital of the He atom-in effect 'frustrating' the tunnel ionization process. This process must occur during the laser pulse to conserve energy and momentum, most likely during the trailing edge, as the electron is gently decelerated over many laser cycles before being pulled into orbit.The same mechanism has been observed in the dissociative ionization of a few diatomic molecules (H 2 [23], D 2 [24], O 2 [25] and Ar 2 [26][27][28]). For such molecules, following ionization, an electron that is excited to the continuum and driven by the laser field tends to be captured to a Rydberg orbital of one of the two 'Coulomb-exploding' fragment ions. The signature of frustrated tunnelling in molecules is that, counterintuitively, the final kinetic energy release (KER) is similar to that of a Coulomb explosion event even though only one product fragment is charged while the other fragment is neutral [23].This description of FTI uses language, such as electron capture, that is usually reserved for discussions involving ionization. Throughout the paper we use this language for convenience. However, it does pose an interesting question in relation to the actual mechanism for FTI, that is,

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“…If these Rydberg molecules have repulsive potential curves, they may then dissociate into two or more neutral atoms, thus achieving dissociation without any ionization [43]. A similar observation has also been shown recently for the ionization of molecular ions by intense lasers [44]. We comment that the above analysis is based on a single laser intensity.…”

Section: A the Formation Of Rydberg States In Strong-field Ionizatiomentioning

confidence: 86%

Photoelectron spectra and high Rydberg states of lithium generated by intense lasers in the over-the-barrier ionization regime

Morishita

Lin

2013

Phys. Rev. A

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We calculated photoelectron energy and momentum spectra and the population of high Rydberg states of lithium atoms by intense 785 nm laser pulses at intensities in the over-the-barrier ionization (OBI) regime. The calculated spectra are compared to experiments reported in Schuricke et al. [Phys. Rev. A 83, 023413 (2011)]. It is shown that in the OBI regime, due to strong depletion of the ground state, the photoelectron spectra are generated from the leading edge of the laser pulse only, resulting in spectra that are nearly independent of laser intensities. Analysis of the calculated spectra reveals that total ionization probability is suppressed as the intensity is increased in the OBI regime. The suppression is due to the increase of excitation probability of high Rydberg states in the OBI regime, demonstrating that atoms and molecules are never fully ionized at high intensities. We also conclude that the interference stabilization model is not needed to explain the formation of high Rydberg states, and that there is no evidence that laser-dressed Kramers-Henneberger states play a role in the strong-field ionization of atoms and molecules by infrared lasers in the OBI regime.

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Frustrated tunneling ionization during laser-induced D2fragmentation: Detection of excited metastable D*atoms

Cited by 55 publications

References 53 publications

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Frustrated tunnelling ionization during strong-field fragmentation of D₃⁺

Photoelectron spectra and high Rydberg states of lithium generated by intense lasers in the over-the-barrier ionization regime

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Frustrated tunneling ionization during laser-induced D2fragmentation: Detection of excited metastable D*atoms

Cited by 55 publications

References 53 publications

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Application of a numerical-basis-state method to strong-field excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms

Frustrated tunnelling ionization during strong-field fragmentation of D3+

Photoelectron spectra and high Rydberg states of lithium generated by intense lasers in the over-the-barrier ionization regime

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Frustrated tunnelling ionization during strong-field fragmentation of D₃⁺