Fuel additive technology – NOx reduction, combustion efficiency and fly ash improvement for coal fired power stations

Abstract

11Fuel additive technology is based on the use of a solid, fuel additive (iron, aluminium, calcium and silicon 12 based oxides), to reduce NOx emission, improve the quality of fly ash and result in 1-3% coal savings for 13 pulverised coal combustion. The findings in this study have been mainly based on extensive 14 experimentation on 100kWth down fired-combustion test facility (CTF) and partially on a 260tons/hr 15 steam commercial producing water tube pf boiler. International Innovative Technologies (IIT) developed 16 this additive based technology for the combined effect of reducing NOx from the combustion of 17 hydrocarbon fuels (mainly coal) and more specifically to improve the combustion process of fossil fuels 18 resulting in an ash by product with improved loss on ignition and lower carbon content. The improvement 19 in the combustion thermal efficiency of the commercial 260tons/hr steam producing boiler has been 20 calculated as per the direct calculation method of EN BS12952-15:2003 standard. 22 23Keywords: Fuel, additive, NOx, fly ash, combustion efficiency, coal, boiler, BS EN12952-15 (2003). 24 * Corresponding author: Email:s.daood@iituk.com; speme@hotmail.co.uk 25 26 27 Introduction 28The consumption of coal is increasing continuously on a global scale and is likely to 29 increase in forthcoming years due to its cheaper pricing compared with other conventional fuels 30 and further economic expansion in developing countries. However, the environmental 31 regulations and legislation has enforced a rise in carbon floor pricing and heavy penalties 32 towards breaching caps on emissions. In USA, the environmental protection agency has 33 proposed to implement 1,100 pounds (499 kgs) of cap on CO 2 emissions generated for every 63The proof of the concept to utilise IIT's fuel additive that has already been tested on Experimental test facilities and methods 67The pilot scale combustion test facility (CTF) comprises of a down-fired pulverised coal steam air heater, flue gas recirculation or circulating pump arrangements. 95The following were the calculations utilized for the purpose of determining the Thermal 177Similarly in a separate study related to pyrolytic cracking of coal tar, the initial heavy tar in the volatile-N. The increase in the gas yield (Table 4) Effect on Loss on ignition (LOI) 254The United States of America, India, China and Australia are the major producers of fly freeze-thaw conditions. Similarly excessive carbon affects the optimum density and moisture 262 content for filling applications.

Selective non-catalytic reduction – Fe-based additive hybrid technology

“…When using Fe-based additive in conjunction with the conventional NO x abatement technique, 286 an additional 'bonus' reduction was expected. This cumulative reduction was predicted to work 287 as so: the additive would have the same effect as reported in Daood, et al (2014Daood, et al ( , 2014 [13] [14] 288 within the quarl and the first 4 sections of the combustion test facility and then in section 5, the 289 location of the ammonia injection, there would be reduction due to the selective non-catalytic 290 properties of ammonia. However, the reduction observed did not follow the expected cumulative 291 trend.…”

“…The concentrations of the major flue gas 144 constituents, NO x , CO 2 , CO and O 2 , are measured using chemiluminescence, non-dispersive 145 infra-red and paramagnetic based standard instruments respectively. Further details of the test 146 facility have been discussed in Daood et al (2014Daood et al ( , 2014 [13] [14]. 147…”

“…[11][12]. InDaood, et al (2014Daood, et al ( , 2014, a commercial Fe-83 based fuel additive, for use with pulverised coal combustion, was demonstrated and discussed 84[13][14]. This technology was found to reduce NO emissions, reduce carbon in fly ash and 85 increase combustion efficiency.…”

Influences of Waste Iron Residue on Combustion Efficiency and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Release during Coal Catalytic Combustion

“…Reddy et al (2004) and Tsubouchi et al (2008) claimed that iron oxides could reduce NO to N 2 . Daood et al (2014b); Zhao et al (2002); Wu et al (2014) also proved that Fe based catalysts (Fe 2 O 3 or Fe based waste) can not only increase the combustion reactivity, but also decrease the NO x emission during coal combustion. In addition, Liu et al (2002) and Zhang et al (2013) reported that Fe 2 O 3 could inhibit SO 2 emission during coal combustion.…”

Decomposition of N2O at low temperature over Co3O4 prepared by different methods

“…Furthermore, combustion sources [4,5] and chemical processes [2] enhanced the N 2 O production [6][7][8][9]. There are numerous methods can be employed for N 2 O reduction which includes: thermal decomposition [10][11][12][13], selective adsorption [14][15][16], the application of microwave plasma technology [17][18][19], and catalytic destruction [20,21]. Among them, catalytic destruction has advantages compare to alternative technologies for controlling N 2 O emissions, for example, low energy costs when compared with thermal decomposition [22,23].…”