Fuel cell technology for sustainable development in Pakistan – An over-view

Raza, Rizwan; Akram, Muhammad Nadeem; Javed, Muhammad Sufyan; Rafique, Amir; Ullah, Kaleem; Ali, Amjad; Saleem, Muhammad; Ahmed, Rafay

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.049

Cited by 77 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…10 These are the energy sources that are never depleted, exist naturally and are clean, cheap, and environment friendly. [11][12][13] Pakistan is lucky enough to have these resources plentiful. The details of all RES are given in Flow chart 1.…”

Section: Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material and method selection for efficient solid oxide fuel cell anode: Recent advancements and reviews

et al. 2018

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Summary The energy crisis has reached to an alarming situation due to increase in population. To overcome the shortfall of energy, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) being cheap, clean, and efficient renewable energy source is getting attention for electricity generation. Out of the three main components as anode, electrolyte, and cathode; anode/fuel electrode is an important component of SOFC because it allows the flow of electrons via external circuit to cathode generating the electric current and hence requires high electrical conductivity. In this review, anode materials synthesized until now are reviewed and by careful analysis categorized on the basis of operating temperature, conductivity, electrode polarization resistance, and structure. This comparison and categorization will provide selection criteria for state‐of‐the‐art and highly efficient anode materials for SOFC. In addition, the synthesis methods have been reviewed on the basis of their pros and cons, which will further facilitate the researchers to select the best synthesis method so as to get optimized properties of materials.

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Section: Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material and method selection for efficient solid oxide fuel cell anode: Recent advancements and reviews

et al. 2018

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“…However, it was found that dehydrogenation of their hydrogenated forms has to be carried out at temperatures well above 250 °C . The high heat of reaction and the high activation barriers of dehydrogenation with these molecules may also present a formidable challenge for direct operation in fuel cells …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dong barrierso fd ehydrogenation with these molecules may also present af ormidable challenge for direct operation in fuel cells. [38] With am eltingp oint of À17.8 8Ca nd ag ravimetric density of 5.23 wt %, N-ethylindole and its hydrogenated form are both stable liquids under ambient conditions,a nd can thus be more conveniently used for onboard applications.I na ddition, full dehydrogenation of octahydro-N-ethylindole can be achievedw ith am oderate kinetic rate,a sr eported in ap revious study. [39] In the present work, N-ethylindole (NEID) is synthesized via solid-liquid phase alkylation of indole.S ubsequently,c atalytic hydrogenation of NEID is conducted under the designed conditions.W em ainly focus on the hydrogenation kinetics of NEID over 5wt% Ru-Al 2 O 3 at temperaturesi nt he range 160 8C-190 8C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogenation Kinetics of N‐Ethylindole on a Supported Ru Catalyst

et al. 2018

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With its low melting point of −17.8 °C and gravimetric density of 5.23 wt %, N‐ethylindole is a promising candidate for use as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). Here, the influences of reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure on the hydrogen capacity of N‐ethylindole in the liquid phase are studied. It is found that fully hydrogenated N‐ethylindole can be achieved at 190 °C within 80 min. The hydrogenation of N‐ethylindole over 5 wt % Ru/Al2O3 is found to follow first‐order kinetics with an apparent activation energy of 62.4 kJ mol−1; its rate constant is subsequently derived. The initial rate and turn‐over frequency (TOF) at 160 °C–190 °C are also calculated. The structures of the intermediates during hydrogenation of N‐ethylindole are discussed based on the results of density functional theory calculations. Finally, the hydrogenation mechanism for N‐ethylindole is established.

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“…However, annual energy demand of Pakistan is increasing by about 4-5% and that will continue for coming 10 years. The share of different energy sources in electricity generation in Pakistan is oil (35.2%), hydel (29.9%), natural gas (29%), nuclear and others (5.8%) [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Auxiliary Equipments’ Consumption on Electricity Generation Cost in Selected Power Plants of Pakistan

Kumar

Memon

et al. 2017

Mehran Univ. res. j. eng. technol.

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This study focuses on higher generation cost of electricity in selected TPPs (Thermal Power Plants) in Sindh, Pakistan. It also investigates the energy consumed by the auxiliary equipment of the selected TPPs in Sindh, Pakistan. The AC (Auxiliary Consumption) of selected TPPs is compared with that in UK and other developed countries. Results show that the AC in selected TPPs in Sindh, Pakistan exceeds the average AC of the TPPs situated in developed countries. Many energy conservation measures such as impeller trimming and de-staging, boiler feed pump, high voltage inverter, variable frequency drive, and upgrading the existing cooling tower fan blades with fiber reinforced plastic are discussed to overcome higher AC. This study shows that harnessing various available energy conservative measures the AC and unit cost can be reduced by 4.13 and 8.8%; also adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated. Results show that the unit cost of electricity can be reduced from Rs.20 to19/kWh in JTPP (Jamshoro Thermal Power Plant), Rs.9 to 8.8/kWh in GTPS (Gas Turbine Power Station) Kotri and Rs. 11 to 10.27/kWh in LPS (Lakhara Power Station). Thus, electricity production can be improved with the existing capacity, which will eventually assist to manage the current energy crisis and ensure its conservation.

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Fuel cell technology for sustainable development in Pakistan – An over-view

Cited by 77 publications

References 42 publications

Material and method selection for efficient solid oxide fuel cell anode: Recent advancements and reviews

Material and method selection for efficient solid oxide fuel cell anode: Recent advancements and reviews

Hydrogenation Kinetics of N‐Ethylindole on a Supported Ru Catalyst

Impact of Auxiliary Equipments’ Consumption on Electricity Generation Cost in Selected Power Plants of Pakistan

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