Fuel not fun: Reinterpreting attenuated brain responses to reward in obesity

Kroemer, Nils B.; Small, Dana M.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.020

Cited by 71 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…Collectively, these findings suggest that the A1 allele is associated with enhanced error, but weaker reward outcome signal generation in the context of overall heightened reward sensitivity [99]. Supporting this interpretation, another study recently reported enhanced midbrain response in A1carriers vs. non-carriers upon the generation of positive error signals during a probabilistic learning task [34].…”

Section: Taqia Polymorphism (Rs1800497)mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…As such, it has been suggested that the decreased response to predicted milkshake corresponds to a weaker outcome signal while the increased response to unpredicted milkshake reflects an enhanced error signal. At the same time it is proposed that the enhanced responses to food cues reflect an overall heightened reward sensitivity in obesity [99]. …”

Section: Taqia Polymorphism (Rs1800497)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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DRD2: Bridging the Genome and Ingestive Behavior

Sun

Luquet

2017

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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Recent work highlights the importance of genetic variants that influence brain structure and function in conferring risk for polygenic obesity. The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a pivotal role in energy balance by integrating metabolic signals with circuits supporting cognitive, perceptual and appetitive functions that guide feeding. It has also been established that diet and obesity alter DA signaling leading to compulsive-like feeding and neurocognitive impairments. This raises the possibility that genetic variants that influence DA signaling and adaptation confer risk for overeating and cognitive decline. We consider the role of two common gene variants, FTO and TaqIA rs1800497 in driving gene * environment interactions promoting obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cognitive change via their influence on dopamine receptor subtype 2 signaling.

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Section: Taqia Polymorphism (Rs1800497)mentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Taqia Polymorphism (Rs1800497)mentioning

confidence: 99%

DRD2: Bridging the Genome and Ingestive Behavior

Sun

Luquet

2017

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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“…Individuals carrying risk alleles are at risk of weight gain related to hypo-responsivity to food cues or taste receipt within dorsal striatal regions (caudate) [85, 86], whereas in non-carriers, hyper-responsivity promotes obesity risk. While the interpretation of such findings as a deficit in experienced reward has been debated [87, 88], inherited variability in dopamine-dependent neural signaling clearly influences components of CNS appetite regulation and obesity risk directly [89, 8, 90] and via interactions with other risk genes [84, 91]. …”

Section: Evidence That Response To Visual Food Cues Is An Inherited Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Twin Studies Tell Us About Brain Responses to Food Cues

Schur

Carnell

2017

Curr Obes Rep

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Purpose of review Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using visual food cues provides insight into brain regulation of appetite in humans. This review sought evidence for genetic determinants of these responses. Recent findings Echoing behavioral studies of food cue responsiveness, twin study approaches detect significant inherited influences on brain response to food cues. Both polygenic (whole genome) factors and polymorphisms in single genes appear to impact appetite regulation, particularly in brain regions related to satiety perception. Furthermore, genetic confounding might underlie findings linking obesity to stereotypical response patterns on fMRI, i.e., associations with obesity may actually reflect underlying inherited susceptibilities rather than acquired levels of adiposity. Summary Insights from twin studies show that genes powerfully influence brain regulation of appetite, emphasizing the role of inherited susceptibility factors in obesity risk. Future research to delineate mechanisms of inherited obesity risk could lead to novel or more targeted interventional approaches.

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“…Although occasional overeating is a common phenomenon in our obesogenic environment, chronic overeating often results in obesity. Recent theory suggests that, rather than hyper-or hyposensitivity to food rewards, obesity may be related to impaired outcome-based learning [12][13][14] . Impaired reward and punishment learning may maintain overeating in obesity by leading to compulsive over-selection of actions directed at food rewards and/or decreased sensitivity to negative consequences associated with overeating, such as an uncomfortably full feeling or long-term health risks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies investigating cue-reward learning in relation to obesity have provided some evidence for impaired learning from positive 15,16 as well as from negative outcomes 13,14 . Others have hypothesized that obesity is accompanied by learning impairments that generalize across outcomes 12 . Here, we hypothesize that a mindfulness-based intervention targeting undesired eating behavior would improve outcome-based reversal learning, which could be in a manner that depends on the valence of the outcome or independent of valence.…”

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confidence: 99%

Greater mindful eating practice is associated with better reversal learning

Janssen¹,

Duif²,

Loon³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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1Mindfulness-based interventions are thought to reduce compulsive behavior such as overeating by promoting behavioral flexibility. Here the main aim was to provide support for mindfulness-mediated improvements in reversal learning, a direct measure of behavioral flexibility. We investigated whether an 8-week mindful eating intervention improved outcome-based reversal learning relative to an educational cooking (i.e., active control) intervention in a non-clinical population. Sixty-five healthy participants with a wide BMI range (19-35 kg/m 2 ), who were motivated to change their eating habits, performed a deterministic reversal learning task that enabled the investigation of reward-and punishment-based reversal learning at baseline and following the intervention. No group differences in reversal learning were observed. However, time invested in the mindful eating, but not the educational cooking intervention correlated positively with changes in reversal learning, in a manner independent of outcome valence. These findings suggest that greater amount of mindfulness practice can lead to increased behavioral flexibility, which, in turn, might help overcome compulsive eating in clinical populations.Mindfulness has been associated with a multitude of beneficial health outcomes 1,2 and improvements in cognition 3 in clinical as well as non-clinical populations. Mindfulness is defined as paying attention to present moment experience, purposefully and non-judgmentally 4 . Shapiro and colleagues 5 have proposed that practicing mindfulness may lead to reperceiving, or deautomization, and suggest that one direct mechanism of action underlying the beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions may be increased cognitive, emotional and behavioral flexibility. Some studies have indeed shown a mindfulness-mediated increase in the ability to inhibit automatic responses, as measured with classic or emotional Stroop tasks [6][7][8] , which has been interpreted as evidence for increased cognitive flexibility. However, studies investigating cognitive flexibility with paradigms that require attention switching have not shown effects of mindfulness 9,10 . No studies to date have investigated the effects of mindfulness on reward-based flexibility such as reversal learning.Reversal learning requires the ability to flexibly adapt one's behavior in response to outcome-contingency changes in the environment and is highly relevant in the context of compulsive behavior such as addiction 11 or overeating (i.e., consuming more energy than is expended). Although occasional overeating is a common phenomenon in our obesogenic environment, chronic overeating often results in obesity. Recent theory suggests that, rather than hyper-or hyposensitivity to food rewards, obesity may be related to impaired outcome-based learning [12][13][14] . Impaired reward and punishment learning may maintain overeating in obesity by leading to compulsive over-selection of actions directed at food rewards and/or decreased sensitivity to negative consequences a...

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Fuel not fun: Reinterpreting attenuated brain responses to reward in obesity

Cited by 71 publications

References 111 publications

DRD2: Bridging the Genome and Ingestive Behavior

DRD2: Bridging the Genome and Ingestive Behavior

What Twin Studies Tell Us About Brain Responses to Food Cues

Greater mindful eating practice is associated with better reversal learning

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