Full chain energy analysis of biodiesel production from palm oil in Thailand

Life cycle environmental impacts of a prospective palm-based biorefinery in Pará State-Brazil

“…The low heating values of products are 26.7 MJ/kg for bioethanol, 37.9 MJ/kg for biodiesel, 13 MJ/kg for crude glycerin, and 17 MJ/kg for crude palm kernel oil (Pleanjai and Gheewala, 2009). Application of energy allocation can lack a logical support, if some of the products (e.g., crude palm kernel cake in this study) are not used for their energy content (Gnansounou et al, 2009).…”

“…The average input electricity and steam in this process is 18.06 kWh/t FFB, and 1400 MJ/FFB, respectively (Pleanjai and Gheewala, 2009). …”

“…Kernels are sent into the kernel oil extraction processes. The average unit mass of products in the FFB milling process is obtained from literature (Pleanjai and Gheewala, 2009;Hassan et al, 2011;Queiroz et al, 2012;Patthanaissaranukool et al, 2013) that is 240 kg EFB, 203 kg CPO, 143 kg fibers, 54 kg kernels, 67 kg shells, and 548 kg POME. POME is a mixture of polluted effluent with high COD concentration of 0.40 kg/l, which is digested anaerobically to produce about 15 m 3 biogas (at atmospheric pressure)/1 m 3 POME (Patthanaissaranukool et al, 2013).…”

“…For the herbicides and pesticides, an average amount of Carbamate pesticide, and Glyphosfate and Paraquat herbicides are 1.35 kg/ha, 3.87 kg/ha and 3.60 kg/ha, respectively (Pleanjai and Gheewala, 2009). …”

Life Cycle Analysis of Rapeseed Oil Butyl Esters Produced from Waste and Pure Rapeseed Oil

“…Pleanjai and Gheewala [5] calculated the net energy ratios for palm oil methyl esters with and without by-products as 3.58 and 2.42, respectively. U.S. researchers established that the value of NER for canola oil methyl esters is 1.78 and that of soybean oil methyl esters is 2.05 [6].…”