Full-Length Genome Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Lineage (SIVolc) from Olive Colobus ( Procolobus verus ) and New SIVwrc Pbb Strains from Western Red Colobus ( Piliocolobus badius badius ) from the Taï Forest in Ivory Coast

Abstract

Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from SIVs derived from two Colobinae species inhabiting the Taï forest, Ivory Coast, each belonging to a different genus: SIVwrc from western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius badius) (SIVwrcPbb-98CI04 and SIVwrcPbb-97CI14) and SIVolc (SIVolc-97CI12) from olive colobus (Procolobus verus). Phylogenetic analysis showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc, and SIVolc is also a distinct species-specific lineage, although distantly related to the SIVwrc lineage across the entire length of its genome. Overall, both SIVwrc and SIVolc, are also distantly related to the SIVlho/sun lineage across the whole genome. Similar to the group of SIVs (SIVsyk, SIVdeb, SIVden, SIVgsn, SIVmus, and SIVmon) infecting members of the Cercopithecus genus, SIVs derived from western red and olive colobus, L'Hoest and suntailed monkeys, and SIVmnd-1 from mandrills form a second group of viruses that cluster consistently together in phylogenetic trees. Interestingly, the divergent SIVcol lineage, from mantled guerezas (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon, is also closely related to SIVwrc, SIVolc, and the SIVlho/sun lineage in the 5 part of Pol. Overall, these results suggest an ancestral link between these different lentiviruses and highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses.

Coinfection of Ugandan Red Colobus ( Procolobus [ Piliocolobus ] rufomitratus tephrosceles ) with Novel, Divergent Delta-, Lenti-, and Spumaretroviruses

“…Thus, recombination and the partial genomic sequences used in the present study should have had minimal, if any, effect on the inferred phylogeny of the simian retroviruses in our analyses. Likewise, the inferred SIV topologies are in agreement with results obtained by others by analysis of complete genomes (35). We also note that we recovered viral nucleic acid sequences from only a proportion of SFV-and SIV-seropositive animals and that we were therefore unable to examine the relative diversity of each virus within and among social groups.…”

“…L'hoest's monkeys and Procolobus (Piliocolobus) tephrosceles are sympatric in western Uganda, and their SIVs cluster together with those from olive and other red colobus and suntailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus), a member of the L'hoest group endemic to Gabon. Similar phylogenetic relationships have been observed using complete SIV genomes available from these same monkeys (35). One hypothesis to explain these results is the infection of either L'hoest's or Kibale red colobus monkeys with a common ancestral SIV which subsequently switched hosts and infected other colobines and/or L'Hoest's monkey subspecies as these primates diverged and dispersed across Africa.…”

“…Full-length genome analyses of SIV from Temminck's red colobus (SIVpbt; Procolobus badius temminckii) in The Gambia (38) and olive colobus (SIVolc; Procolobus verus) and western red colobus (SIVwrc; Procolobus badius badius) from Côte d'Ivoire (35), show deep divergences even within the African colobine SIVs. However, the clustering of SIVpbt, SIVolc, and SIVwrc with SIV from L'hoest's monkeys (SIVlho; Cercopithecus lhoesti) in Central Africa and not SIVcol raises questions about the evolutionary history of colobine SIVs that may be resolved by analysis of SIVs from additional colobine populations (35,38).…”

AIDS-protective HLA-B*27/B*57 and chimpanzee MHC class I molecules target analogous conserved areas of HIV-1/SIVcpz

“…There is evidence that the selective sweep or subsequent selection processes must have been more prominent in West African chimpanzees than in other chimpanzee populations (34,35,41). This may be due to population separation, and may be dependent on the monkey species being preyed upon and on their respective SIV infections (42). As a consequence, repertoires could have been edited in slightly different manners.…”

Protein-Protein Interactions Suggest Novel Activities of Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pUL103

“…The first is a sequence, G 215 WPV GLGLL, that conforms to both the type 1 (YPX n L, where X is any residue and n can range from 1 to 3) and type 3 (⌽YX n ⌽X n L, where ⌽ is any hydrophobic residue) ALIX-binding late domain motifs (19). The chemical and structural similarities between tryptophan and tyrosine permit them to be interchanged, as seen in simian immunodeficiency virus Gag p6, in which the YPXL motif is replaced by WPXL (20). The second sequence, Y 230 PNL, corresponds to the type 1 late domain motif, YPX n L. In experiments in which levels of pUL103 were normalized relative to GAPDH, replacement of multiple residues with alanines within either of the putative pUL103 late domains or deletion of the G 215 WPVGLGLL motif led to at least 50% reduction in ALIX pulled down in uninfected cells ( Fig.…”