Fully implantable wireless batteryless vascular electronics with printed soft sensors for multiplex sensing of hemodynamics

Abstract

The continuous monitoring of hemodynamics attainable with wireless implantable devices would improve the treatment of vascular diseases. However, demanding requirements of size, wireless operation, and compatibility with endovascular procedures have limited the development of vascular electronics. Here, we report an implantable, wireless vascular electronic system, consisting of a multimaterial inductive stent and printed soft sensors capable of real-time monitoring of arterial pressure, pulse rate, and flow without batteries or circuits. Developments in stent design achieve an enhanced wireless platform while matching conventional stent mechanics. The fully printed pressure sensors demonstrate fast response times, high durability, and sensing at small bending radii. The device is monitored via inductive coupling at communication distances notably larger than prior vascular sensors. The wireless electronic system is validated in artery models, while minimally invasive catheter implantation is demonstrated in an in vivo rabbit study. Overall, the vascular system offers an adaptable framework for comprehensive monitoring of hemodynamics.

Ultrasoft and Biocompatible Magnetic-Hydrogel-Based Strain Sensors for Wireless Passive Biomechanical Monitoring

“…4,16 To address these issues, flexible strain sensors based on capacitance have been developed to realize wireless strain measurements through a resistor−inductor−capacitor (RLC) system. 8,15,17,18 However, the wireless output of RLC systems may unavoidably be compromised by the increased resistance under strain, making it difficult to maintain a high quality (Q) factor to achieve a stable and desirable wireless output in strain sensing. 15,19 Additionally, the special requirements for RLC structural design and functional materials further limit their applications.…”

Advances and Challenges of Hydrogel Materials for Robotic and Sensing Applications

“…For typical soft robots, the achievement of self-regulated actuation with closed-loop feedbacks requires mounting sensing elements that are sufficiently compliant, rather than confining the properties or causing stress concentrations of the whole soft structure. However, the current stiff electronic integrations restrict the miniaturization and higher-level motility of the devices . Hydrogels with their excellent combination of softness, conductivity, biocompatibility, and versatility in electrical engineering have become a popular choice for electrodes in soft biocompatible sensing devices.…”

“…However, the current stiff electronic integrations restrict the miniaturization and higher-level motility of the devices. 47 Hydrogels with their excellent combination of softness, conductivity, biocompatibility, and versatility in electrical engineering have become a popular choice for electrodes in soft biocompatible sensing devices.…”

Mechanical Sensors for Cardiovascular Monitoring: From Battery-Powered to Self-Powered

“…The sensor has the advantages of minimal latency, fast response time, excellent cycle stability, high robustness, and easy installation without disassembly, thus reducing the risk of vascular injury. Herbert et al developed a vascular electronic system consisting of a wireless stent system, which integrated soft sensors to meet implantation and manipulation requirements [ 56 ]. A structured dielectric layer was fabricated using the aerosol jet printing method to improve the sensitivity and response speed of the capacitive sensor, and two stretchable interconnect pressure sensors were installed on the stent to monitor flow velocity changes in the artery.…”