Fully Open-Access Passive Dry Electrodes BIOADC: Open-Electroencephalography (EEG) Re-Invented

Bifulco, Paolo; Cesarelli, Mario; McEwan, Alistair; Nikpour, Armin; Jin, Craig; Gunawardana, Upul; Sreenivasan, Neethu; Wabnitz, Andrew; Hamilton, Tara Julia

doi:10.3390/s19040772

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Unfortunately, for wearable applications, dry electrode recordings are susceptible to more noise if there is not a good contact between the electrode and the skin. Therefore, custom shapes of electrodes are typically needed to match the often nonuniform geometries of the body or penetrate the hair (Fayyaz Shahandashti et al, 2019;Paul et al, 2019;Gargiulo et al, 2019). As developers work on increasingly complex and intricate designs for electrode shapes, there is a need for an effective and reliable fabrication method that is applicable for various geometries which allows for a streamlined manufacturing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ag/AgCl Dry Electrodes for Wearable Electrophysiological Sensing

Lee

Paul

et al. 2022

Front.Electron.

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With the rising need for on-body biometric sensing, the development of wearable electrophysiological sensors has been faster than ever. Surface electrodes placed on the skin need to be robust in order to measure biopotentials from the body reliably and comfortable for extended wearability. The electrical stability of nonpolarizable silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and its low-cost, commercial production have made these electrodes ubiquitous health sensors in the clinical environment, where wet gels and long wires are accommodated by patient immobility. However, smaller, dry electrodes with wireless acquisition are essential for truly wearable, continuous health sensing. Currently, techniques for the robust fabrication of custom Ag/AgCl electrodes are lacking. Here, we present three methods for the fabrication of Ag/AgCl electrodes: oxidizing Ag in a chlorine solution, electroplating Ag, and curing Ag/AgCl ink. Each of these methods is then used to create three different electrode shapes for wearable application. Bench-top and on-body evaluation of the electrode techniques was achieved by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), calculation of variance in electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements, and analysis of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) measurement. Microstructures produced on the electrode by each fabrication technique were also investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The custom Ag/AgCl electrodes were found to be efficient in comparison with standard, commercial Ag/AgCl wet electrodes across all three of our presented techniques, with Ag/AgCl ink shown to be the better out of the three in bench-top and biometric recordings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ag/AgCl Dry Electrodes for Wearable Electrophysiological Sensing

Lee

Paul

et al. 2022

Front.Electron.

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“… Types of EEG electrodes: ( a ) gold cup EEG electrode [ 11 ], under CC by 4.0; ( b ) capacitive EEG electrode [ 17 ], under CC by 4.0; ( c ) dry EEG comb electrode [ 28 ], under CC by 4.0; ( d ) dry EEG flat electrode [ 29 ], under CC by 4.0. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Hook Fabric Electroencephalography Electrode for Brain Activity Measurement without Shaving the Head

Tseghai,

Malengier,

Fante

et al. 2023

Polymers

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In this research, novel electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes were developed to detect high-quality EEG signals without the requirement of conductive gels, skin treatments, or head shaving. These electrodes were created using electrically conductive hook fabric with a resistance of 1 Ω/sq. The pointed hooks of the conductive fabric establish direct contact with the skin and can penetrate through hair. To ensure excellent contact between the hook fabric electrode and the scalp, a knitted-net EEG bridge cap with a bridging effect was employed. The results showed that the hook fabric electrode exhibited lower skin-to-electrode impedance compared to the dry Ag/AgCl comb electrode. Additionally, it collected high-quality signals on par with the standard wet gold cups and commercial dry Ag/AgCl comb electrodes. Moreover, the hook fabric electrode displayed a higher signal-to-noise ratio (33.6 dB) with a 4.2% advantage over the standard wet gold cup electrode. This innovative electrode design eliminates the need for conductive gel and head shaving, offering enhanced flexibility and lightweight characteristics, making it ideal for integration into textile structures and facilitating convenient long-term monitoring.

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The development of Arduino-based low-cost wireless modular device for brainwave acquisition

Pratama

Rahmadhani

Bramana

et al. 2019

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Brainwave is widely used as an indicator of brain activity and can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG). The development of EEG device has become more advanced along with the invention of low-cost tiny electronic modules and wireless technology. This research aimed to develop a low-cost wireless modular device for brainwave acquisition based on Arduino microcontroller. The system was designed into sensor block for brainwave receiver and conditioning, and mainboard block for data processing. Dry-active electrode was developed as the sensor, followed by preamplifier module which was also installed at the sensor block. Active filter and DRL circuits were developed on the mainboard part. Arduino UNO was used as the main processor of the device. The developed modules were then evaluated using signal generator to examine the module characteristics and consistency. As the result, the preamplifier module was detected to reach 40.34 dB on gain ability. The cutoff frequency on the active filter module was calculated on 31 Hz. Furthermore, Arduino UNO was identified to have a consistency on input and output voltage.

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Fully Open-Access Passive Dry Electrodes BIOADC: Open-Electroencephalography (EEG) Re-Invented

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Characterization of Ag/AgCl Dry Electrodes for Wearable Electrophysiological Sensing

Characterization of Ag/AgCl Dry Electrodes for Wearable Electrophysiological Sensing

Hook Fabric Electroencephalography Electrode for Brain Activity Measurement without Shaving the Head

The development of Arduino-based low-cost wireless modular device for brainwave acquisition

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